ࡱ> "q` rF bjbjqPqP bp ::^.^.^.j.L222t3aaaH8dg3ĀR~ЈЈЈ9hX$.h2333//ЈЈ"fd`|`|`|35/&Ј2Ј`|3`|`|:12 Ј U`ah [H1700 kg)Pak-II IDI1.501.200.17Pak-II DI1.501.600.20ParameterStandard (maximum permissible limit)Measuring MethodNoise85 db (A)Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source.(b) For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large Goods Vehicles (g/Kwh) Type of VehicleCategory / ClassTiersCOHCNOxPMMeasuring MethodApplicabilityHeavy Duty Diesel EnginesTrucks and BusesPak-II4.01.17.00.15ECE-R-49All Imported and local manufactured diesel vehicles with the effect 1-7-2012Large goods VehiclesN2 (2000 and upPak-II4.07.01.100.15EDCParameterStandard (maximum permissible limit)Measuring MethodNoise85 db (A)Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source.(ii) Emission Standards for Petrol Vehicles (g/km) Type of VehicleCategory / ClassTiersCOHC+ NOxMeasuring MethodApplicabilityPassengerM 1: With reference mass (RW) upto 2500 kg. Cars with RW over 2500 kg. to meet N1 category standardsPak-II2.200.50NEDC (ECE 15 + EUDCL) All imported and new models* locally manufactured petrol vehicles with effect from 1st July, 2009**Light Commercial Vehicles N1-I (RW<1250 kg) Pak-II 2.20 0.50N1-II (1250 kg>RW <1700 kg) Pak-II4.000.65N1-III (RW>1700 kg)Pak-II 5.000.80Motor Rickshaws & motor Cycles2.4 strokes <150 ccPak-II5.501.50ECER 402.4 strokes>150 ccPak-II5.501.30ParametersStandard (maximum permissible limit)Measuring MethodNoise85 db (A)Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the sourceExplanations:DI:Direct InjectionIDI:Indirect InjectionEUDCL:Extra Urban Driving CycleNEDC:New Urban Driving Cycle M:Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seatN:Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods.*New model means both model and engine type change**The existing models of petrol driven vehicles locally manufactured will immediately switch ever to Pak-II emission standards but not later than 30th June, 2012Source: Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009). Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 2. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 5: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality Properties/ParametersStandard Values for PakistanBacterialAll water intended for drinking (e.Coli or Thermotolerant Coliform bacteria)Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samplesTreated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli or thermotolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samplesTreated water in the distribution system (E.Coli or thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples taken throughout any 12- month period.PhysicalColord"15 TCUTasteNon objectionable/Accept able OdorNon objectionable/Accept ableTurbidity< 5 NTUTotal hardness as CaCO3< 500 mg/l TDS< 1000 pH6.5  8.5ChemicalEssential Inorganicmg/LitreAluminum (Al) d"0.2Antimony (Sb)d"0.005 (P)Arsenic (As)d" 0.05 (P) Barium (Ba)0.7Boron (B)0.3Cadmium (Cd)0.01Chloride (Cl)<250Chromium (Cr)d"0.05Copper (Cu)2Toxic Inorganicmg/LitreCyanide (Cn)d"0.05Fluoride (F)*d"1.5Lead (Pb)d"0.05Manganese (Mn) d" 0.5Mercury (Hg)d"0.001Nickel (Ni)d"0.02Nitrate (NO3)*d"50Nitrite (NO2)*d"3 (P)Selenium (Se)0.01 (P)Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at sourceZinc (Zn)5.0OrganicPesticides mg/lPSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3 Serial No. 20- 58 may be consulted.**Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/lWHO standards: d" 0.002Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as PAH) g/LWHO standards: d" 0.01v(by GC/MS method)Radioactive Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi0.1Beta Emitters1* indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring. ** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority. Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010). Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 2. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise  Limit in dB(A) Leq* Category of Area/ZoneEffective from 1st July 2010Effective from 1st July 2012Day timeNight timeDay timeNight timeResidential area65505545Commercial area70606555Industrial area80757565Silence zone55455045Notes: Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Silence zone::Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the competent authority. * dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable to human hearing. Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010). Description of the Project Location The road is located on the right bank of the River Swat in the Swat district of KP province of Pakistan (see maps in Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The proposed road being taken up for rehabilitation and upgradation is part of the Swat Package by Government of Pakistan, Foreign Donors and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Government, which focuses primarily on the improvement and upgradation of infrastructure of Swat Valley after War against terrorism. The project road passes through battle field against terrorists and numerous bridges were destroyed by Taliban through suicide attacks and other bomb ballasts during the war. The road was damaged by mines and movement of tanks and heavy machinery of Pakistan Army. The upgradation of this road will provide relief to the war affected peoples of Swat by involving them in project, on one hand whereas on other hand it will improve the mobility of law enforcing agencies. On the other side of the River, N95 under control of National Highway Authority (NHA) is passing and carrying both goods and passenger traffic which is very congested. The up gradation of project road will result in significant reduction in Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) on the right side and will also induce the passenger and goods traffic. Road Length The section of road to be financed by the World Bank is 10.5 km long, from Sharifabad to Kanju. This is a part of the 95 km long Chakdara to Madyan Road. Existing Road Dimensions The existing RoW in the first 4.5 km of the road is about 4.5 5.0 m wide whereas in the remaining 6 km stretch it is about 6.0 6.5 m. In consideration of proposed widening of the road and envisaged protection works both for hillside and valley side slopes, the RoW has been proposed to extend up to 12 m. However, to avoid the resettlement issues, proposed RoW will be reduced up to the available space and even at ribbon development areas, RoW may confined up to the existing RoW and road cross section will be accommodated within the available space. (Source: Inception Report for Upgradation / Rehabilitation of Road from Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River). Drainage Structures Key structures included in the project are given in Table 3.1. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 1: Key Project Features / Structures Feature / StructureNo / DescriptionBridges (total)06Bridges to be Reconstructed03Culverts45Covered Side DrainOn both sides of road in built up areaFoot PathCovered side drain will be used as foot pathLink Roads Following are the main link roads which join the project road. Near km 28+000 about 2.5 km before Sharifabad, a road from Ziarat and Suigally meets with the Chakdara Kanju Road. At km 30+000, a road connects the Gaarhi village with project road. At km 32+500, a road from Kotlai ends at project road which is at a distance of about 4 km At km 35+000, Kabal Chowk a main road bifurcates from project road which connects Shahderai with Kabal, Kanju, Mingora and other places of Swat. At km 40+500, just 500 before the Kanju, a road originate at left side to connect to Kanju Township. At km 40+924, End Point of this Package, is a link road connecting Kanju with Mingora city and Saidu Sharif through Ayyub Bridge. Through road, also known as Airport Road, extend towards Bara Bandai, Matta, Bagh Dheri and onward to Madyan. Scope of Work The scope of work and proposed improvements of the selected reach under the Rehabilitation / Upgradation of Chakdara Madyan Road is described below: A longitudinal drain has been proposed throughout the length of the section on hill side. Provision of culverts at suitable locations will be made in the design to carry the load of the hill side drain for their outfalls at the valley side. A retaining wall will be provided on river side to check the erosion of embankment by the rains or failure of the slopes due to river scouring or otherwise. A guard rail will be provided for embankment heights greater than 3 m. No particular public facilities have been proposed except road furniture and signage. Intersection of earthen/paved tracks will be improved. Lengthwise Description of the Project Length wise description of features along the alignment is given in Table 3.2: Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 2: Main Features along the Alignment ChainageDescription1.Km 30+500Agriculture land on both sides of the road along with few settlements2.Km 31+000Sharif Abad village is located at both sides of road with scattered houses and a Govt. primary school. The other surrounding land is used for agriculture. The terrain of area varies from varies from flat to rolling.3.Km 31+500Daggay village is located with scattered houses.4.Km 32+250Scattered houses which are part of Daggay village. The terrain of area is almost flat. The surrounding open land is used for agriculture.5.Km 33+250Ajmir abad town starts which is part of Kabal.6.Km 34+000 to Km 36+500Built up area of Kabal city on both sides of roads with houses and shops. The terrain is flat.7.Km 36+500 to Km 39+200Built up area of Aligrama town on both sides. Rolling terrain from 38+000 to 39+200 with small hills on left side of the road.8.Km 39+200 to Km 40+924Partially Built up area of Kanju on both sides. The terrain is flat.Existing Road Condition The existing road traverses through small towns, cultivated lands through plain and rolling terrain on the Right Bank of River Swat. The existing road is narrow and in poor condition especially from Sharif Abad to Kanju. This section is about 10.5 Km in length and carries a little passenger and freight traffic. Overall condition of the road was very poor to fair. Major distress includes: Raveling, Cracking and Patching. Width of road is about 3.5 m at most location. This section from km 30+424 to km 35+000 is single lane and in poor condition recommended for Reconstruction Strategy. The pictorial view of project section is given in Figure 3.1. Figure  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Figure \* ARABIC \s 1 1: Pictorial View of Project Road   Army Check Post near Km. 30+500 Cultivated Area along Road at Km. 31+000   Daggay Village near Km. 31+500 Narrow and Undulated Pavement near Km. 33+000   Bridge Destroyed at Km. 33+400 Bridge Damaged by Suicide Attack   Narrow Road near Km 34+000 Kabal Town, Km 35+000   Kabbal City near Civil Courts Seasonal Nallah and Passage Way near Km. 37+000   Hill along the Road at Km. 38+000 Culvert Damage by Mine Explosion, Km. 39+000   Seasonal Nallah carrying Sewage Water Kanju Chowk at Km. 40+924, EOP Design Criteria Design Criteria for horizontal and vertical alignment of project is given in Table3.3. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 3: Design Criteria Element / Design ParameterUnitFor Plain & Rolling TerrainFor Hilly TerrainFor Mountainous TerrainDesign Speedkm/h805540Width of Travel WayM7.37.37.3Out Shoulder WidthM2.02.02.0Inner Shoulder WidthM2.02.02.0Crossslope Carriageway%222Crossslope Shoulders%444Maximum Gradient%479Super-elevation Runoff M433330Source: Inception Report for Upgradation / Rehabilitation of Road from Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River The typical cross sections of project road for built up area and rural area are given in Figures 3.2 and 3.3. Work and Material Estimated Work / Major Work Items Estimated quantum of work involved in project is given in Table 3.4. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 4: Estimated Work WorksQuantity / ValueRoad Length10.5Average Embankment Height1.5Culverts45Bridges3Materials Requirement An estimate of quantities of different materials required for construction of project road is given in Table 3.5. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 5: Construction Material Requirement Material / ItemUnitQuantityEarth Work Excavation for Road and Structure Workscubic meters45,000Formation of Embankment from Roadway Excavation and Borrow Materialcubic meters72,000Granular and Common Backfill for structurescubic meters19,000Granular Subbase Coursecubic meters15,500Aggregate Base Coursecubic meters14,000Asphaltic Base course Plant Mix (ClassA)cubic meters7,800Asphaltic Concrete for Wearing Course (ClassB)cubic meters5,300Concretecubic meters4300Reinforcement SteelTon270Source: PC-I Proforma for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River Figure  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Figure \* ARABIC \s 1 2: Typical Cross Section of Road in Built-up Area  Source: Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River Figure  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Figure \* ARABIC \s 1 3: Typical Cross Section of Road In Rural Area  Source: Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River Raw Material Availability Sources of different raw materials required for construction are given in Table3.6. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 6: Raw Material Availability Raw MaterialAvailabilityBorrow materialAlong the RoadStones for retaining walls and rip rap.km 29+000, km 36+500Stone for sub-base, aggregate base course, asphalt coursesRiver Pit Run Gravel for sub-base, Dayar Shah Crushing plant located near 36+000 for aggregate base courses and asphalt coursesBitumenRefineries in Karachi or RawalpindiAsphaltRefineries in Karachi or RawalpindiBrickMardanSandSand of River Swat flood plain at km 24+500Clean water for specific uses.Swat River WaterOther water for compaction and sprinkling.Seasonal nullahs crossing the roadReinforcement SteelNearby MarketG.I. PipesNearby MarketCementNearby factoriesMachinery to be Used An estimate of machinery of different types like graders, batching plants, asphalt mixing plants and others is given in Table 3.7: Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 7: Machinery Requirement MachineryQuantityGraders1Tractors4Vibratory Rollers 02Asphalt Mixing Plants1Stone Crushers 1Batching Plants1Water Browsers 2Oil Tankers1Water Sprinkling Water Carcass 4Haulage Trucks5Excavators / Loaders2Small Vehicles4Dozer D9, D1001+01Shift Roller3Asphalt Machine1Equipment and Installations The equipment and installation required for project is given in Table 3.8: Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 8: Equipment and Installation Equipment / InstallationQuantityFire Extinguishing Equipment2Electricity Generator2Water Pumping Equipment2Telephone System4Construction Schedule If all the processing goes well the construction / upgradation / rehabilitation of Sharifabad Kanju road will commence on July 01, 2011, and complete in two years by June 30, 2013. In case of any delays at the outset, the completion date will slide forward accordingly. Construction Logistics Work Base Since it is linear work, the ideal would be to set up the work base somewhere in the middle. But a good spot is available at km 31+000 to 33+000 which has low population density and ample space is available for all contractor facility including the work base. The length of load being on 10.5 km the work base at the proposed site would be suitable. Labor Supply The contractor will be contractually bound to employ maximum local people except for jobs the local expertise is not available. The Table 3.9 gives an illustrative picture of the labor employment. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 3. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 9: Illustrative Distribution of Labor Type of LaborLocalNonlocalTotalSkilled4060100%Semiskilled5050100%Unskilled1000100%By and large the daily wage rates fixed by the local commissioner will be used. Labor Camps Best labor camp site on Sharifabad Kanju Road is between km 31+000 to 33+000. Although a majority of the labor force will come from local sources, they will get picked up and dropped by contractor transport. Some unskilled, most semiskilled and skilled workers may have to be brought in by contractor from far off towns who will live in camps. Being located near the work base, the camps will make the work access easy to the camp dwellers. Like camp, the work base can also be about 250 m away from the nearest habitation. Machinery Maintenance and Equipment Yards Near the work base a machinery and equipment yard will be provided. The yard will have enough storage and haulage space with ample moving and working space. The yard will be walled and will have a gate provided with ample security staff. Material Depots Near the work base a material depot will be required for storing construction material. It will have temporary sheds for storing cement, iron bass and Asphalt and open space for storing stones shingles and bricks. The material depots will be walled and gate will be provided with ample security. A store keeper will keep account of incoming and outgoing material. Machinery Repair Workshops With a large number of vehicles and other similar machinery a repair workshop is essential. The contactor may establish own workshop. Approach to Work Bases Since, the work base will be established close to the road under construction, so already existing road can provide easy access to the work base. Ample government land is available on either side for the project road which can be used for making supplementary access road and paths to the work base. Petrol Pump and CNG Pump Petrol Pumps are available along or near the project road, however; the contractor may set up his own temporary petrol pump and compressed natural gas (CNG) Station near the work base to avoid any delay in construction work due to non-availability of diesel for his construction Machinery. Camp Offices Adjacent to labor camp and adjacent to work base, the contractor will be allowed to set up a camp office to run his day to day field affairs. For that the state land can be used by the contractor. Security Arrangements Given the prevailing condition in the area where project is to be implemented, necessary security staff is necessary. Enough security will be required at Work Base, Labor Camp, Material Store, Equipment Yards and location of the work in progress on the work site. Coordination will be necessary with nearby Police, Army and Levy Units. Healthcare With a large number of labor and employees working in the project of road construction, small accidents are expected to take place on all construction sites. A dispensary will be set by the contractor. The dispensary will have services of a full time doctor. At least two ambulances will support the dispensary. For major cases the patients will be shifted to Saidu Sharif District Hospital under a pre-coordinated arrangement. Labor Reporting Office Along the road and in work bases special areas will be marked where the labor can gather at the time of pick and drop, emergency or briefing and places will be clearly marked and kept open and clean and as per requirement equipped with public address system. Labor Transport Almost entire lot of the unskilled labor will be employed from local sources. Contractor will provide vehicle(s), preferably a bus to pick and drop local labor every day. That will help them to spend nights of their households and render some services at home. This will also keep the camps less pressurized and manageable. Work Uniform and Health Safety Equipment Road construction is a special job and the labor working on such work requires special protective uniforms and special HSE measures. It will be ensured that the labor engaged in breaking of stones, handling bricks, mixing concrete or mixing and laying asphalt will have long boots overall dresses, goggles and safety hats. As an overall HSE measure anyone going into the construction area will also wear safety hat. Signage During construction on construction site in particular and on the entire road length in general, suitable signboards and traffic signs will be displayed at all along the length of the project road. This will help in forestalling any possible accidents. Lighting and Illumination Suitable lighting arrangement will be made by the contractor over all work basis, work sites, camp sites machinery yard and material depots. This can help the contractor for extended working hours as well as security. If WAPDA electric supply is not available, electricity generators will have to be arranged on all spots where lighting is required. Safe Design Criteria To meet international standards envisaged by the World Bank, the following design criteria have been adopted in the project: Geometric Design : AASHTO Material Testing : ASTM Structure : ACI Structure Loads : Class A AA as per FHA approval Seismic Design : UBC 97 and Sarhad Interim Seismic Building Code Base on Seismic Study Zone Maps Curve Widening : 0.6 to 1.6 depending upon length Estimated Project Cost Final design and drawings of the project road have been finalized: The World Bank has agreed to provide a financial assistance to the tune of US$ 8.0 million which is equivalent to about PKR. 680 million. Baseline Study of Project Area The Project Area of Impact The Project Area is a linear corridor through which Sharifabad Kanju road passes. This corridor of impact consists of the roadway over a length of 10.5 km section of main Chakdara Madyan Road. Immediate area of influence (See Figure 4.1), for the purpose of this study includes the width of the old and the new RoW, and a 500-m wide corridor on either side of the RoW. The extended area of influence of the project road would extend over entire district of Swat. This base line study includes physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the project. For the purpose of physical and biological baseline study, a 500-m corridor of impact on either side of the RoW has been taken as the Project Area. For sociocultural study, essentially the entire district of Swat has been included. The Swat district lies at 3440( to 3555( North Latitude and 7208( to 746( East Longitude bounded on the north by Chitral district of KP and Ghizer district of Gilgit Baltistan, on the east by Kohistan and Shangla districts of KP, on the south by Buner district and on the west by Lower Dir and Upper Dir districts of KP. The total area of the Swat district is 5,337 square kilometers. The district is part of the Malakand division. The twin cities of Mingora and Saidu Sharif are the district as well as the divisional headquarters. Physical Environment Geography Topographically, Swat is a mountainous region, located among the foothills of the Hindukush mountain range. The area can be divided into two regions i .e, SwatKohistan and Swat Proper. SwatKohistan is the mountain country on the upper reaches of the Swat River up to Ain in the south. The whole area south of Ain is Swat proper which can be further subdivided into bar (upper Swat) and kuz (lower Swat). The elevation of Swat river valley, at the southern boundaries of the district, is over 600 meters and rises rapidly towards the north. There are several mountain peaks ranging from 4,500 to over 6,000 meters above sea level. The Swat region, containing the meandering Swat River, is also home to lush green valleys, snowcovered glaciers, forests, meadows and plains. Figure  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Figure \* ARABIC \s 1 1: topographical map of project road section  Geology The Project Area lies in Peshawar Basin which is wide basin located between Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). The sediments of Peshawar Basin are predominantly lacustrine silt with interbedded fluvial sand and gravel containing the clasts of Kohistan, including deposition by the ancestral Kabul and Indus rivers. The Project corridor navigates through the uneven mountains, rolling lands and few flat lands. The present topography is due to fluvial tectonic activities. The geology of the Project Area is mainly comprises granitic gneiss, schist and alluvium (unconsolidated material). Gneisses are the product of high grade regional metamorphism. Schists are mainly composed of quartz as granular aggregates, muscovite (appearing) as colorless to light green and where associated with biotite tone produce schistose texture. The alluvial deposits are composed of slightly reworked and weathered material with silt clay/clayey silt, gravels and boulders occur at some places and are covered with vegetation. The group of rocks consists of Indus Suture Melange Zone (ISMZ). Swat Granite, Mangalore Crystalline Schists, and quaternary deposits. Seismicity The project area is located in the seismic zone A as per maps drawn by Geological Survey of Pakistan because it is located close to fault line between Indian and Eurasian Tectonic Plates. Land Use The total land area of district Swat is 5,337 square kilometers (sq. km) (2,060.6 square miles, or 1,251,653 acres). This total area is divided in two Tehsils, namely Matta and Kabal, having areas of 683 sq. km and 4654 sq. km, respectively. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 1: Land Utilization Statistics of District Swat, 20072008 DescriptionArea (in Acres)Area (in Hectares)Reported Area1,251,653506,528Cultivated Area242,29698,054Irrigated Area227,33692,000Net Sown Area232,04693,906Current Fallow Area10,2504,148Total Cropped Area467,153189,051Area Sown Repeatedly160,97665,145Uncultivated1,009,357408,474Cultivable Waste208,86284,524Forest Area337,804136,705Unavailable for Cultivation462,690187,245Source: Land Utilization Statistics, NWFP, 20072008 Water Resources The Project is located in the catchment area of the Swat River. There are many hill torrents and streams which collect the rain water runoff or seepage water in the form of springs that ultimately drain into the Swat River, which flows almost all along the project corridor and ultimately meets the Kabul River. Main source of surface water is the Swat River which flows along entire length of the selected section and finally joins Indus River. The Swat River rises from the Shandur or Mashabar Range bordering Swat district with Chitral in the north and flows south and southwest approximately dividing the district into two halves. The other prominent rivers or nalas are Harnoi khwar, Deolai khwar and Daral khwar. The river flows on right side of selected reach of the road. In addition to this, some small nalas also originate from hills and joins Swat River. Village communities have designed catch water drains and river water is diverted to these drains for irrigation purposes. Main ground water recharge takes place through infiltration during rains. At places the ground water finds its way out in the form of springs and big villages have tapped the spring for a water supply to the village household. The quality of ground water all over the Project Area is generally good, potable and sweet as reported by locals. Water quality in the project area was tested by taking water samples from various sites. The results have established that overall quality of water is good and within the permissible limit for human consumption as given in Tables 4.2 and 4.3. The river water is suitable for use of cement concrete, bitumen concrete and other construction purposes. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 2: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from Kabal ParameterUnitResultWHO Maximum Allowable Guideline ValueLead (Pb)mg/LN.D.Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20CC33.2Total ColiformNumber/100mlN.D.0/100 mlFecal ColiformNumber/100mlN.D.0/100 mlSampling Source = Hand Pump Water N.D. Not Detected Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 3: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from Kanju ParameterUnitResultWHO Maximum Allowable Guideline ValueLead (Pb)Mg/LN.D.Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20CC21.0Total ColiformNumber/100mlN.D.0/100 mlFecal ColiformNumber/100mlN.D.0/100 mlSampling Source = Hand Pump Water N.D. Not Detected Climate Winter is extremely cold and much of the area of Upper Swat remains under snow during months of January and February. However with the arrival of spring, from the middle of March, a pleasant change in weather starts. The spring months from middle of March to early May receive substantial rains. With the arrival of summer from middle of May to end of August, temperature rises. Summer is also marked with monsoon rains, which occur usually from middle of July to end of August. The distribution of rainfall over the years is unpredictable. Most rains fall in winter and monsoon. Rainfall ranges from 1100 mm in the northern parts to 700 mm towards the southwestern parts of the Swat district. The relative humidity is maximum in the month of January and August which causes rainfall. As there is currently no meteorological station in district Swat, data , the mean monthly 30 years maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation and relative humidity recorded at Dir which is adjacent to sweat district is given in Table 4.4. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 4: Monthly Temperature, Rainfall and Relative Humidity MonthMonthly Temperature (C)Monthly Rainfall (mm)Relative H(%)Mean Max.Mean min.January11.22-2.39111.3769.7February12.07-1.28172.5669.2March16.233.09242.2266.4April22.417.67167.8657.4May27.5911.5688.0547.9June32.5215.6751.2641.7July31.3819.29145.7560.3August30.2418.54159.7969.2September29.0413.6081.8464.1October25.057.6253.7359.5November19.942.5550.7059.5December13.83-0.8690.7567.4Annual22.637.901415.8765.9(Source: 1998 District Census Report of Swat) Ambient Air Quality The air quality is clean as there is no industry close to the project road which may contribute any air pollutants. Test results of ambient air analysis done during survey of area are given in Table 4.5. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 5: Ambient Air Monitored Data Reference PointDateTime HoursSO2 (ppb)NO2 (ppb)CO (ppb)PM10 (g/m3)Kabal Chowk14/03/1109:0080.381.668.191.714/03/1112:0082.583.471.692.814/03/1115:3080.682.173.196.914/03/1118:0078.179.474.799.114/03/1121:0051.952.353.483.214/03/1124:0046.347.348.530.415/03/1103:0044.645.945.730.315/03/1106:0049.250.147.963.0Noise Level Noise levels have been monitored at two locations along the project road and results are given in Tables-4.6 and 4.7. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 6: Noise Levels Monitored at Kabal Chowk, Swat DateTimedB(A)Leq / Average14/03/119:006265666768707276767973.1114/03/1112:006059595959606060605959.514/03/1115:006265666869717374758073.8614/03/1118:006063646668697074767771.7214/03/1121:004545454040454040454543.6114/03/1124:003535404040353535404038.1815/03/113:003030292929303030302929.6415/03/116:006061616160606061616160.62Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 7: Noise Levels Monitored at Kanju Chowk, Swat DateTimedB(A)Leq / Average14/03/119:006568697072767778798075.0914/03/1112:006568707174767980878376.8814/03/1115:006568707174757577777974.3314/03/1118:006263656970727677788074.6714/03/1121:004444444343434344444443.6314/03/1124:003636404036363535353536.8615/03/113:003030292929303030302929.6415/03/116:006062626260606061616160.62Minerals Although Swat District is well known for emerald mines but there is no mineral mine worth the name along project road. Natural Event History Swat River is perennial tributary of Kabul River. Its normal flow gives it a character of bluish water body. The flood of July 2010 devastated vast area of district Swat including the destruction of houses, road bridges and erosion of vegetation in the flood plain. But during season it experiences flash floods. The flood causes damage to life, property, roads, bridges, culverts and causeways. It is therefore necessary that volume, velocity and timing of such flash flood is incorporated in the hydrological design of the project. The control and mitigation may include watershed management techniques, water storage at appropriate spots and providing good drainage system in the project road design. Physical Cultural Heritage During survey no site of physical cultural heritage could be seen along the route of the project road. But in case there is a chance find during excavation for road construction, there are laws and procedures to handle the find(s). (See Section2.8.) Biological Environment Fauna The area is endowed with a rich variety of mammalian, avian and reptilian fauna. No endangered species are reported in the selected reach of the section. No game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries exist in the vicinity of Project Area. Common mammals found in the area include Jackal, Fox, Porcupine, Jungle Cat, Hare, Rats, mice and other rodent mammals. Domestic animals include goats, sheep, buffaloes and cows. Also found on the higher snowy peaks are the wild mountain sheep (markhor, the national animal of Pakistan), black and brown bear, panther and musk deer. Common reptiles in the area include snakes, krait, frog, lizards. Scorpions and spider are other poisonous creatures of the area. Important resident bird species found in Project Area include Shikra, Myna, Duck, Pigeons, Crow, Sparrow, Partridges. Some fowls like Chir and Kaleej Pheasants are found in these mountains. Mountain crows and dove are found in large number. No wetland lies within close vicinity of the Project corridor except Swat River which flows all along the Project route. But it is not functioning as wet land due to high velocity and absence of pounding actions. There is very little significance of the Project Area for migratory birds (migrating to warmer areas to avoid the cold season of Central Asia and Siberia), because their migration route (Green Flyway International) along the Indus River away from the Project Area. Moreover, there is no significant water body in the Project Area. Hence they rarely visit the Project Area. Commercial and recreational fishing was observed along the project corridor. The common fish in the Swat River include Trout, Mahasheer, Lus and Chirak. Flora Vegetation of the project area falls under humidtemperate latifoliate forest. Dominate tree species consists of Chir. Shisham, Mulberry, Bakain, Eucalyptus, Rubinea and Kao are the other varieties found in the project area. Fruit trees in Project Area include Apple, Pear, Peaches, Walnut and Guava. Grasses consist of Nari, Lavindar, Deela, Trakla. Rich ground flora of many herbs including vibrunum, lonicera. A number of medicinal plants are found in the area including Tarkha (Artemizia species), Unab (Zizyphus Sativa), Althea (Althaca Officinalis), Banafsha (Viola serpens), Mushki Bala (Valeriana species) and Sufed (Aspargus species). No endangered floral species were reported in the Project Area. Fish Swat River is endowed with Brown Trout Fish which is allowed to be caught by angling under license from Fisheries Department. Rangelands Swat is generally a forest and grazing land. The flocks consist of goats, sheep, donkeys and mules. All area is overgrazed much beyond their carrying capacity. Since the grazers keep shifting from place to place, it is not possible to introduce a grazing control and proper range management in the area. The project road will have to be protected against crossing herds of animals looking for greener pastures across the road. Protected Areas There are no protected areas, along the project road, as per list of protected area defined in National Conservation Strategy. Endangered Species Neither the area along and nearby the project road, nor the project road itself poses a challenge to any of the endangered species in other regions of Swat District. Forest Swat hills and villages are generally green. But there is no Government or State reserved or protected forest along or near the project road. However private people have their wood lots in their lands which add alternative aesthetics to the upper side of the road. Social Environment Population In 1995 NIPS carried out Khana Shumari (household counting) and on the basis of that data, the total population along project road was around 50,000. With 4.2% growth rate the current population is estimated to be above 70,000. The current population of district is estimated to be around 200,000. The results of 1998 census for district Swat are listed below: Area5,337 Sq. KmPopulation 19981,257,602 personsMale648,008 (51.53 %)Female609,594 (48.47 %)Sex Ratio (males per 100 females)106.3Population Density235.6 per Sq. Km Urban Population173,868 (13.83 %)Rural Population1,083,734 (86.17 %)Average Household Size8.8Literacy Ratio (10 +)28.75 %Male43.16 %Female13.45 %Population - 1981715,938 personsAverage Annual Growth Rate (1981 - 98)3.37 %Total Housing Units142,311Pacca Housing Units107,180 (75.31 %)Housing Units having Electricity96,546 (67.84 %)Housing Units having Piped Water34,909 (24.53 %)Housing Units using Gas for Cooking4841 (3.40 %)Administrative UnitsTehsils02Union Councils65Mauzas215Municipal Committees01Community Structure Except for urban population, the remaining population lives in well organized and established tribal system. In Swat district main ethnic communities are Pashtoons, Swaties and Gujjars. Between the urban and rural population of the project district there is a marked contrast regarding gender equality, population composition and traditions. In tribal and traditional society the females are usually under reported, especially the names of females are not mentioned by respondents to male surveyors / enumerators. Also, generally the tribal are reluctant to register the new born female babies because of the tribal set up. Even for overall population there is no proper system of keeping records of birth and death rate at district level especially in rural areas. The community structure based on 1998 Censes is given in Table 4.8. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 4. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 8: Population Composition of The Project Area Population ClassSwat Distt. (%)Children below 15 years48.87Active population 1564 years48.49Aged population 65above2.64Male population51.52Female population48.42Source: 1998 District Census Report of Swat Most of rural population lives in close and joint families which are rather extended. This is mainly because of object poverty, close family marriages tribal homogeneity and kinship. In urban areas the trend is towards independent or nucleus families because the people there are more educated, more prosperous and more independent from tribal bonds. Presently the household size in rural areas is 1015, while in urban areas it is 58, with an overall average of 8 members to a family. The poverty situation is worsening due to presence of a large and uncounted number of Afghan refugees. Poverty Status A significant population in extended project area lives below poverty line. Main causes are as follows: A significant proportion of population is practicing agriculture on highly limited agricultural land which is mainly rain-fed. The outputs are not enough to make the two ends meet for large families. Amongst the remaining population rate of unemployment is high. Due to influx of Afghan refugees, who have no intention to go lock and whose third generation is tending to naturalize in the area, has added unproportionate burden on the income generating opportunities of the area. Absence of major industries and under developed agriculture and livestock sectors do not form a potential for labor absorption. The project will have a healthy effect on the labor and employment market of the project area. Industries There are no significant industries along the project road. Elsewhere the biggest industry is flour mills the number of which has also declined from 300 to 200 over past one year. More settled conditions are required for encouraging more industry. Political Parties There are many political parties in district Swat and they try to mobilize political opinion in their favor. However, tribal affiliation, religion and family kinship are the main factors determining the shape of political behavior. Important political parties are JamiatiUlmaiIslam (JUI), Pakistan Muslim League (PML), Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and Pakhtoonkhawa Milli Awami Party (PMAP) and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf. The role of women in the politics is not significant. Marriages In tribal system of Swat District, the society is overly patriarchal. Marriages are, more often than not, arranged. Because of consistent segregation of sexes there is no opportunity for boys or girls to choose their own spouses. The role of women in decision making concerning marriage is limited to some influence on selection of the bride, her beauty looks and aptness in doing household chores. Girls have no real say in their marriage despite the provision in Islamic Shariat that a woman has a right to turn down a marriage offer. Some changes are noticeable in urban area where educated girls are, at times, exercising their veto power but still they have to operate within the patriarchal customs. Marriage within the relatives is preferred because of the facility of exchange of girls Char pa Chari or Badli or Sarri within the two families of the same tribe and the marriage dowry (sort of price also called as Lab or Walwar) is less. The amount of dowry ranges between Rs. 20,000 to 300,000 in Swat district. In rural areas the dowry can be paid in kind in the shape of goats and sheep. If the age difference bride and bridegroom are excessively large, the old bridegroom has to pay additional money to the father of the bride. At times the father may put another condition (called pate) that should there be a female child after the marriage it will be brought up by the new couple but will be handed over to father of the bride to marry her and receive her dowry. Social Organization By far the biggest uniting force of in Swat society for individuals as well as groups is ethnic or tribal identity. The society being patriarchal the decision making is solely vested in elderly males of the family / tribe which becomes binding for females under their charge. Society in general is structured on kinship basis. Even on petty issues the ethnic groups can get polarized. Each ethnic group tends to stick to its culture and traditions, a blending of culture and customs amongst various groups takes place inevitably. The society is modeled on the authoritarian system linking the relationship between father and his sons. The head of the family is called Sardar whose authority flows to the lowest tier of the tribe or family through an authoritarian hierarchy of males. The Sardari System is well entrenched in Swatti and Pakhtun tribes while others also try to have it with laxity and variation. However, life of people of Swat, particularly of project area, is built on two principles; hereditary authority and personal bond of allegiance in which protection is exchanged with loyalty. Most of the tribal chiefs get elected to the parliament tend to run democracy on tribal pattern. Occasions like births, deaths, illness, and marriages serve as socializing accessions for women and common people who can, when they meet exchange information and ideas and reinforce social ties and alliances. With some modifications and readjustment the Sardari System will continue to be a corner stone of society in Swat for a long time to come. Custom of Cooperation The custom of community participation for community help has been in vogue in almost all areas of Swat District for a long time. Collective labor (Ashar or Hawachi) at harvest time or other occasions of peak labor needs or taking a fellow tribesman out of financial crises (Bijar or Pursi) has been a regular part of the Swat social order. Same spirit works while sharing the water of small streams or river management. But even in such matters the tribal leadership shows itself and the community collaborates under a MiriAab or Serreshta or Gham. The government interventions for development which do not recognize the community participation temperament of Swati society do not succeed. For this project the contractor will have to employ local labor keeping in view the community customs of cooperation and togetherness mostly on tribal patterns. Outside labor is not advisable under any circumstances. Outsiders can be tolerated only on such technical works for which local expertise is not available. Religious Beliefs Overwhelming majority of the people of Swat district are Muslims belonging to Hanfi school of Sunni sect and a small number in urban areas following Irani pattern of Shiaism. Christians are also present in a small minority. Religious functions are a significant force in the lives of all the people in Swat. Religious leaders (Mullas) have a hold over a number of aspects of social life and some political parties are organized along religious lines. Two major festivals are EidulFitr and EidulAzha. The people are strongly religious minded and tend to practice the religious obligations meticulously. They, come what may offer Prayers five times a day, observe Fasting in the month of Ramadhan and sacrifice animals on EidulAzha. The well to do pay Zakat, and perform Hajj and Umrah. Conflict Resolution The people in the project area have two options available for conflict resolution. First is the government judiciary system and second is tribal Jirga (Council) of Tribal elders) system. The people of Swat district is believed to be peaceful but sometimes a dispute between two individuals, from two tribes, may generate tribal vendetta. Usually in such cases the Jirga system is considered more useful. On government side the highest judicial officer in each district is the District Judge. Usually the individuals go to government Judiciary system if they are not satisfied with their Jirga award. Ordinarily, whenever there is a dispute between two persons /parties, the notables of one side go for reconciliation to the other party and sit together to resolve the issue. Sometimes the dispute is resolved through imposition of penalties in the form of cash, land, kind or by marrying women to the inflicted side. For some time the Islamic Sharia Courts have also been functional in the area. Custom of Carrying Fire Arms Although Swat district are inherently peaceful areas, yet it is customary among the people to carry arms as a fashion or sign of prestige for Sardars or notables. Advanced and automatic weapons like Kalashnikov are preferred. The other reason for displaying arms is illiteracy and tribal enmity. Some people consider weapons as ornaments of men. Because of war in Afghanistan and influx of Afghan refugees into Swat district, all sorts of weapons are smuggled into the extended project area and are available at cheap prices. Role, Position and Status of Women Women in Swat society for centuries have been victim of patriarchy, male chauvinism, social discrimination, resource deprivation and denial of human rights. Despite constitutional and legislative provisions, the customary law often prevails making it difficult for women even to claim their legal rights which are supposedly guaranteed. Although Islamic laws of inheritance provide a share to daughter in fathers property but the custom does not allow it. However, a person can bestow gift to his daughter, sister or wife in his life time, again treating a woman with no rights to the property. In most of the social grouping men hold a monopoly of power in the public arena. In the political arena, local level chiefs and tribal are always men, so are the members of the local council of elders or Jirga. Religious leaders in authority are all males and local codes of value are set by men. This includes denial of basic human rights as well as the Muslim inheritance rights to women. The economic participation of women is different from that of men. Women participate in both indoors and outdoors duties which are considered to be a free labor. Women fetch water, collect fuel wood, look after animals, fetch fodder for cattle, process milk into butter, sour milk and cheese, and work with wool. They are fully responsible for cooking, cleaning and taking care of children and other dependent members. Some women are very good at producing handicrafts. The traditional polygamy keeps them victim of inferiority complex. The women without children are treated as an outsider by the family including her husband. Child Labor and Apprenticeship Child employment is quite common in district of Swat particularly the project area. The magnitude of child labor is more in rural areas than urban areas. In rural areas, more often than not, the children without education opportunities are left with few alternatives than early participation in work force. They join labor intensive activities like agriculture for weeding, picking and harvesting. The children perform the task of grazing livestock. In addition to above tasks the children also help their mothers in fetching water and firewood. Girls get involved, from an early age, in daily routine of domestic work. Services and Amenities Available in the Area Drinking and Domestic Water Clean drinking water in Swat district is supplied through different sources. Tube wells, hand pumps, wells, rivers and springs. Tubewells have become the major source of water supply, using plastic pipes. Major Departments / Organizations involved in water supply are Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). But in rural areas the villagers do not get much help from PHED. Housing In Swat District most of the houses have a guest room, toilet, kitchen, separate bathroom and a courtyard. In newly constructed houses attached bathroom with flush is an important feature. In rural area the guest room is more spacious (called hujra) and courtyards are very spacious. Toilets are located at the other end of the courtyard and are usually without any flush system. Many people of rural area still use fields as open latrines. Energy Supply Major sources of energy for light purposes are Electricity and Kerosene Oil. In general about 76% people use electricity while 24% use Kerosene Oil. In rural areas animal dung, brushwood and fuel wood is still in popular use. Telecommunication In Swat district, there is a good network of telecommunication. There is a large number of private and government owned Public Call Offices (PCOs). Number of PTCL telephone in the district connections exceeds 50,000 of which 80% are private (based on survey carried out as part of present EIA). Mobile phone service is being used by almost every working individual. Radio and Television Government Radio Station Peshawar is the main radio station. The advent of FM wave length districtwise services are also available. Radio Pakistan countrywide services are available through Peshawar station Pakistan Television Station at Peshawar is linked with countrywide PTV network. A number of private channels have also started relaying their programs. Transport and Accessibility District Swat has 634 km of road out of which 582 km are high type whereas 52 km are low type. Construction of Chakdara Madyan road will add more length to the road network. (Source: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Development Statistic 2010). Sanitation The hygienic and sanitation conditions prevalent in the rural area of the district are not satisfactory, except in part of some big towns. In project area only 7% people have covered pit or flush latrines. Most people in rural areas use open fields for defecation. Women use open surface latrines within the domestic compound; Younger children are formally allowed to defecate in the courtyard. The presence of animals within the household compound often adds to the unhealthy living conditions. Tourism and Recreational Opportunities Green hills and running river of Swat are attractive tourist destinations during summer. The temperature at Swat is pleasant. Given a guarantee of peace and security many domestic and foreign tourists will prefer Swat to many other health resorts in Pakistan. Important tourist spots are Mingora, Madyan and Kalam. Analysis of Alternatives From the EIA point of view, the following available alternatives for the project were considered. road alternatives No project option / worst scenario option. Project road to follow exactly the existing route with no alteration. Altogether a new route is surveyed on another site. Project is restricted to a single lane as before. Project as proposed in feasibility i.e. double lane with suitable straightening of curves where necessary. logistic sites Siting of Contractors facilities e.g. labor camp site, machinery yard and on state land. Siting the Contractors facilities on private lands. Siting Contractors facilities at most appropriate site be it public land or private land. labor options All labor local All labor from outside. An admixture of local and outside labor as per skill required. An analysis of all above alternatives is as follows: Road Alternatives No Project Option / Worst Scenario Option Analysis Advantages It the project is not taken up at all then all the funds, efforts and inconvenience will be saved and these will become available for diversion to other projects. No more land will be required and no disturbance will be caused to people through resettlement or land acquisition process. Further the recurring cost of the maintenance of the new and expanded road along with enhanced operational cost will be saved. No disturbance will be caused to any physical, biological and social part of the environment. The people benefiting out of a status quo will continue benefiting. Disadvantages Not taking up the project would mean withholding the development of the entire area along Chakdara Madyan Highway and the extended area of the project in whole of District Swat. This would also mean restricting the trade opportunities between area connected by road. Existing road does not meet the international standards and by keeping it as such means declining to open the whole district of Swat for better social uplift through education and poverty alleviation. The project would provide greater job opportunities to people during construction as well as the operational phase. Not taking up the project would mean depriving the local people from a blessing of whole lot of new opportunities. Conclusion For the proposed project the weaknesses and threats outweigh the strengths and opportunities of this option. Therefore, No project option possessing the potentials of the worst scenario is not recommended. Project Road to Follow Exactly the Existing Route with No Alteration Analysis Advantages All costs on fresh survey and design of alterations will be saved. No additional land away from existing route will have to be acquired. No fresh area will be impacted initially by construction and later by traffic during operational stage. Disadvantages Route of the road will not improve. Existing limitations regarding distance, velocity and geotechnical faults will continue to exist. Fresh impacts on the environment will be caused by construction of the second carriageway without yielding any advantage. At places the length of the double lane road may prove counter productive. Conclusion Construction of new double lane road on exactly the previous alignment is not a sound engineering proposal nor is it worthwhile environmentally. Therefore, this option cannot be supported. For the Double Carriageway Altogether a New Route is Surveyed on Another Site Analysis Advantages In addition to the existing highway, another double lane road with become available. The capacity to handle interdistrict traffic will enhance manifolds. The new alignment will also give an opportunity to modify and improve existing design of road as well as the drainage. Disadvantages A very expensive new exercise will be undertaken without a real necessity. The expected volume of current interdistrict as well as the international traffic is not adequate to provide justification for an altogether a new double lane road somewhere else. By opening up a new area new problems; physical, biological, environmental and social problems will arise which may not keep the new effort positively productive at this point in time. The new alignment may take the new double lane road close to or pass through any of the protected areas and may problem to ecology or biodiversity. Under prevailing security problems obtaining in Swat area, it may be difficult to survey and construct a new carriageway along an altogether a new route. Conclusions Because of prohibitive cost new environmental negativity and expected social problems the option of altogether a new highway on an altogether a new site is not recommendable. Project is Restricted to a Single Carriageway as Before Analysis Advantages The functional efficiency of the existing highway can be increased by carrying out repairs and improving its maintenance and signology. Funds will be saved to almost 50%. No new environmental or social hazards will be triggered and no extra environmental or resettlement costs will be incurred. Disadvantages With little alteration, this option is like no project option. By restricting the project to repair and maintenance of existing carriageway will restrict the socioeconomic development and international trafficability of the route. An opportunity of having a double lane road in modern terms will be lost. Single carriageway is proved to accident as of now. This status will continue if second carriageway is not constructed and the system of double lane traffic is not introduced. Since the highway will be handling inter district trade, therefore highway of international standard should be provided. Not doing so will be counterproductive. Conclusions Despite saving in immediate terms, the option is not useful on long term basis. Therefore this option is not recommended. Project as Proposed in Feasibility; Double Lane Road with alterations where necessary Analysis Advantages As per well considered feasibility the project responds to the need of the time. By proving double lane road, it induces trafficability, safety, speed, efficiency and thus better trade on interdistrict level. All along the proposed project, during construction and after construction there will be ample job opportunities for local population. Opening up of the area will result in better education, health and social welfare opportunities. The project area will experience definite poverty alleviation especially after the sufferings of the people during the war against terrorism. Alterations in parts will help to straighten all sharp curves, avoid congested points, negotiate slopes at easier gradients and build stronger road foundation. New construction will help absorb latest technology on hill roads. At number of places side / link roads will help even the extended project area to open. In the long run, the project is financially viable, socially acceptable, environmentally manageable, gender-neutral and pro-poverty alleviation. Conclusions The opportunity of building a double lane road from Sharifabad to Kanju is recommendable and it should be availed for larger benefit of all stakeholders. Logistic Sites Siting of Contractors Facilities on State Land Analysis Advantages The contractor will get land free of cost for the camping site and the equipment and material yard. This cost will not be reflected in BOQ and this will reduce the overall cost of the contract and thus the project. There will be very little possibility of local disturbance or manipulation from local communities and the contractor will have a free hand to manage his labor and works. The contractor will not be encouraged to hire private agricultural land and therefore productive agricultural land will be saved. The activities and logistics of the contractor will be under full control of the project management and any adverse environmental or social spill over to outside territories will be eliminated. Disadvantages Best suitable sites of required size and descriptions may not be available within RoW and the standard. By refusing to contractor the option to go to adjacent private land, the management may be compromising with best site selection and other logistics and therefore overall efficiency of the execution of the contract. By way of leasing their land to contractor, communities may feel their participation in implementation of the project. For creating enough space for contractor at places, situation may arise where resettlement cases with heavy payment may arise. Conclusions In presence of adequate and encumbrance free state land, the contractor may be given the option of using it for his labor camp, machinery yard and work bases. This is an acceptable option and is recommended. Siting of Contractors Facilities on Private Lands Analysis Advantages The contractor will enjoy the freedom of choosing the best sites for his camps, machinery yards and work bases. By way of payment of base money to the land owner, his participation and ownership of the project will be achieved. No additional government land will have to be set aside for camping. No obligations will fall upon sponsor. No environmental challenge will come up at any stage. Disadvantages The contractor will be free to hire comparatively flat agricultural lands and will put productive land to nonproductive use. The contractor will include the cost of leasing land in his BOQ included in the bid. This will increase the cost of the bids and thus project expenditure. Outside the direct control of the proponents, the contractor may indulge in unplanned environmental social or physical activities which may not be acceptable within the meanings of the project EIA. Conclusion In presence of adequate state land along the proposed highway taking the project to private land is not advisable. The weakness and threats of this proposal outweigh strengths and opportunities. The proposal of siting contractors facilities on private lands is therefore not supported. Should the contractor choose to establish his facilities and labor camp on hired private land then FHA bears no responsibility for his costs and commitments. Siting the Contractors Facilities at Appropriate Site, be it Public Land or Private Land Analysis Advantages The option will create an operationally adjustable opportunity wherein the best site will be chosen by the contractor. Of course, all sites will be approved by the Resident Engineer. The contractor will not be bound to remain restricted to the sites proposed by the FHA Resident Engineer and can plan his operations according his operational convenience and availability of facilities and services. Where enough state land is not available, and private land is available adjacently, the contractor can make necessary adjustments without changing the site. Disadvantages To the extent that the contractor moves out of state lands, establishment of camps, yards and facilities close to villages can cause social problems. Adverse effects may be caused on freedom of women to work in fields. Possibilities of spread of AIDS and other infections diseases will get greater chances of spread. Conclusion As a second best option (after settling the contractor on state land) this is the second best option. But for contractors activities on private lands FHA holds no responsibility for contractors cost and commitments. Labor All Labor Local Analysis Advantages All labor will be local and their employment will fulfill a major social requirement of the contract. Local economy will benefit and poverty alleviation will take place. The project will become socially acceptable. A big advantage of local labor will be that most of them will come from and go to their homes daily and there will be very little pressure on labor camps. Disadvantages Three types of labor will be required; unskilled, semiskilled and skilled. All types of labor cannot be available locally. So binding contractor to employ all labor locally can put limitation on contractor. Conclusion It is not possible to rely entirely on local labor for all trades. So this option is not acceptable. However, all unskilled labor openings must be given to locals. All Labor from Outside Analysis Advantages Labor from outside will be preselected and ergonomically sound. More efficient more dependable and well trained man power will be available. The labor will not be able to erect undue pressure on the contractor or the project. The outside labor will set model for untrained labor which may improve. Spending by outside labor will bring additional benefit, to local economy. Disadvantages Bringing outside labor will take away economic benefits of employment from the local communities and they will not develop a sense of ownership for the project. The project objective of poverty alleviation, social uplift and capacity building will be defeated. A social problem will be created. Conclusion In case the labor is brought from outside, the social losses will be much higher than the economic gains. However, the ergonomic limitations may necessitate bringing in a small percentage of outside manpower especially at skilled level. But as far as possible the local human resource will have to be preferred. An Admixture of Local and Outside Labor as per Skill Required Analysis Advantages Unskilled labor can be locally 100%. Semiskilled can be local as per their skill wise availability, may be up to 50% of the total. Most of the senior technicians and skilled workers will have to be brought from outside the district of Swat. This flexibility will be possible only under the option of admixture of labor. Disadvantages Because of the presence of the outsiders there are likely to be social losses. Income of local communities will reduce. Conclusion From project implementation point of view, this option presents the best combination of local and outside labor. This option also presents an opportunity of transfer of skills from outside technicians to local workers. Summary of Alternatives No project option / worst scenario option is not recommended. The option of following exactly the existing alignment is not acceptable. The option of constructing the double carriageway road along an altogether new alignment is not recommended. The option of restricting the project road to a single carriageway is not supportable. Project as proposed in feasibility as double lane road with alterations where necessary is fully recommended. Option of siting all Contractors facilities on state land is recommended as the best logistic option. Siting of all Contractors facilities on private lands is not supportable. FHA cannot accept any responsibility for such an option by the contractor. Siting of Contractors facilities partly on state land and partly on private land is supportable as second best logistic arrangement, provided that FHA is not held responsible for the cost and commitments of the contractor. Option of having all categories of labor from project area is not possible. Option of bringing all categories of labor from outside is not recommended because it would cause social unrest. Option of getting 100% local labor from local source, 50% of semiskilled labor from outside and 100% skilled technicians from open market is the best and recommendable. Stakeholder Consultations General Stakeholder participation in planning and managing resettlement helps to reduce the fears of stakeholders regarding the development program and give opportunity to them to participate in key decisions that will affect their lives. The consultation process was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the of the World Bank and Government of Pakistan on public consultation which generally require that affected people should be fully informed and closely consulted on environmental and social impacts of the proposed project. So, consultation with stakeholders is the starting point for all activities concerning the conduct of environmental and social impact assessment. The objectives of this process were to: Share information with stakeholders on proposed improvement works and expected impact on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment of the project corridor. Understand stakeholder concerns regarding various aspects of the project, including the existing condition of the highways, upgrade requirements, and the likely impact of constructionrelated activities and operation of the improved highway. Due to disturbed law and order situation in the area, conduct of public consultation was a difficult task. However, the process was carried out by holding scoping sessions with local communities. Wayside consultations were also held with general highway users, including transport passengers, vehicle drivers, roadside shopkeepers, and passersby. Table 6.1 provides a summary of the meetings held with respect to date, venue and stakeholder participation. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 6. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 1: Summary of Public Consultations DateVenueChainageNo. Of ParticipantsMenWomen03rd March, 2011Sharifabad31+00010406th March, 2011Daggay32+5008209th March, 2011Ajmirabad34+00012518th March, 2011Kabal35+00040926th March, 2011Ali Grama38+00020609th April, 2011Kanju40+500245TOTAL =SUM(ABOVE) 114 =SUM(ABOVE) 31Outcome of Stakeholders Consultation Generally, people were found to be aware of the need to rehabilitate / upgrade the highway, and expressed their support for the FHA. The proposed improvement of the additional carriageway was welcomed by the people since it will reduce traffic congestion and other road hazards near settlements along the project corridor. Local communities demanded that they should be the part of a continuous consultation process with other stakeholders at different stages of the project including the design, construction, and operation periods. The concerns raised by the grass-root (communities) and institutional stakeholders are given below. Highway Design Improve general standards of construction. Blasting should not be carried out in the project area. The business of the people should not be affected due to project activities. PAPs should be compensated according to the market rates. Properly compensate owners of demolished structures. Protection walls should be constructed where needed. The waste material should not be dumped in to the river. The road shoulders should be concreted. Avoid constructing sharp road curves and grades. Provide streams outlets to help drain away runoff from the highway into the river. Build bus bays, passenger shelters, and parking areas where required. Plant trees along the highway that could be entrusted to the care of local communities. Avoid shifting graves that may fall within the RoW. Avoid relocating/dismantling mosques and other permanent structures. Provide drainage on both sides of the road. Highway Construction Avoid undue delays in road construction and ensure that project works are carried out in one stretch rather than piecemeal. Ensure that contractors do not use private land for parking construction machinery. Avoid dumping construction material along the highway and median. Adopt measures to minimize dust, smoke, and noise pollution, and to control spillages from construction machinery. Provide proper diversions for traffic during construction to avoid traffic congestion, related hazards, and dust emissions. Carry out construction activities preferably at night to avoid traffic jams / hazards. Proper traffic management plan should be provided during construction activities. Job opportunities should be provided to the locals during construction activities. Safety of local residents along the road should be ensured particularly due to land sliding and stones rolling. Highway Operation Provide medical aid centers along the highway to treat road accident emergencies. Erect cautionary and information signs. Control overspeeding, overloading, traffic disorders and violations of traffic regulations; construct speed breakers where required. Prohibit commercial vendors and squatters from encroaching on the RoW. Increase tree plantation along the highway. Ensure that crossdrainage pipes and culverts are regularly cleaned. Regularly remove accumulated piles of rubbish from the RoW. Land Acquisition and ResettlementRelated Concerns In addition to compensation for the structures removed, additional financial assistance is required to erect structures at new locations. Compensation should be fair, paid promptly, and subject to transparency. The acquisition of private land should be avoided. Where necessary, acquisition should be carried out in accordance with the law and at existing market rates. The acquired land should be possessed only once the compensation payment is made. Avoid acquiring the cultivated land as there is already shortage of availability of cultivated land. Stakeholders consultation should be an integral part of the land acquisition process. Addressing Stakeholders Concerns The most of the concerns raised by stakeholders have been incorporated into the projects environmental and social assessment as described below: Highway Design In response to stakeholders concerns, the design at locations of social disruption has been revised by the Design Consultants and no residential and commercial will be affected by the Project. In addition, the following environmental and safety provisions have been included in the project design: Relocation of mosques, schools and graves to the possible extent will be avoided by making modifications in the design. Highway safety audits and improved road markings/signage and demarcation of accidentprone junctions will be made in order to improve the horizontal and vertical geometry, and reduce conflicting movement during operation, particularly along inhabited stretches of road. Improved intersections on side roads and village tracks will be provided in order to eliminate bottlenecks. Roadside furniture and traffic control devices, including information and cautionary signs, signals, traffic diversion and flow markings, to ensure pedestrian safety during construction and operation. A tree plantation program to compensate for the anticipated loss of vegetation during construction activities, and to help abate pollution caused by emissions, dust, and noise during highway operation. A drain has been designed to cater for the road drainage. Highway Construction The following measures will be carried out in order to protect surrounding communities from the expected impact of construction: Project facilities will be located at a minimum distance of 250 m from existing settlements and builtup areas in order to avoid restricting the mobility of local women. Construction vehicles will remain confined within their designated areas of movement. Sensitivity towards local customs and traditions will be encouraged to minimize social friction; good relations with local communities will be promoted by encouraging contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to locals, as well as onthejob training in construction for young people. Land sliding will be minimized by constructing retaining walls. The FHA is bound to comply with PakEPA regulations concerning pollution and industrial water disposal. The stakeholder consultation will be an integral part of the project. The loss of privately owned land or builtup property will be compensated on a replacementcost basis. Solid waste generated during construction and at campsites will be properly treated and safely disposed of only in demarcated waste disposal sites approved by the supervision consultant. Contractors will be required to instruct and train their workforce in the storage and handling of materials and chemicals that can potentially cause soil contamination. All necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags, and lights) erected as required by the FHA. All such barricades will be set up as per local regulations. Highway Operation FHA will provide a plan for proper operation and maintenance of road and to ensure quick rescue operations during land sliding and snow falling. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures This section identifies the potential impacts of the Sharifabad Kanju Road on the Project area. Potential Impact Sources Environment and social impacts attributable to the Project can broadly be classified into those taking place during construction and those occurring during operational phase. Some of these impacts can be anticipated and avoided through appropriate adjustments/ provisions in the project design. Some can be mitigated by careful implementation of the Project while some other can be adjusted with by appropriately following the operational manual and an effective collaboration with communities. Construction related impacts are heavily dependent on: The contractors work practices, especially those related to storage of construction materials and cleanliness of work site; Cooperation between local communities and local authorities and the contractor in terms of observance of Social Framework Agreement (SFA) and use of public space and utilities; Project managements enforcement of correct construction practices and standards; The incorporation of mitigation measures identified the EIA into the tender documents and specifications, in bid and Contracts documents and provision of linkage between EMP and contractors payments. An effective collaboration with local communities in evolving a workable Social Framework Agreement (SFA). The quality of Monitoring and Reporting of EMP implementation. Operational impacts of the proposed project are associated with the movement of vehicular traffic on it and allied activities. These include air and noise pollution, safety hazards and other similar impacts. For this Project, potential impacts are reviewed under construction and operational phases. The environment has been studied under the following subheads: Physical Environment Land Resource Water Resource Air Quality Noise Level Biological Environment Flora Fauna Fish Endangered Species Cultural and Historical Sites Socioeconomic Environment Table 7.1 provides a checklist of potential impacts likely to be associated with the construction of the Sharifabad Kanju Road project. In general these areas are divided into groups based on general environmental aspects which are effected or likely to be effected from the modification in the flow of traffic. The set of impacts based upon physical, biological, cultural and social aspects have been classified as under construction and operational phases. Each subfactor has been marked as curable, reversible or irreversible. Each subfactor so assessed has been shortly discussed and explained in the part of the chapter 7 following the Assessment Table 7.1. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 7. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 1: Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts 1. Construction Phase AspectsImpacts AssessedAssessmentSlightModerateSignificant1(2(3(1(2(3(1(2(3(1. Land Resource1.1.1Site for disposal of waste construction material(1.1.2Land slide, unstable soil or similar unforeseen conditions(1.1.3Location of labor camps, material dumps, equipment yard and approach road.(1.1.4Any natural disasters such as heavy rains, floods and earthquakes (1.1.5Soil contamination from diesel and other spills from construction machinery(1.1.6Damage/blockage of Drain, paths, roads, and cross drainage by moving machinery.(1.1.7Scouring of Earthen embankment or concrete work edge (1.1.8Release of construction water on unstable slope or any public/private property(1.1.9Release of construction water to any river structure such as bridge/culvert.(1.1.10Any discharge, spill or dumping on any building or house on riverbank.(1.1.11Impact of taking borrow martial from earth borrow site.(1.1.12Impact on paths or road used for transport of construction material.(1.1.13Impact of stone quarrying.(1.1.14Any blasting during Construction (2. Water Resources 1.2.1Sourcing of construction water.(1.2.2Impact of surface water.(1.2.3Impact of ground water.(1.2.4Impact of drinking water.(1.2.5Diesel and other fluids spilling over to river water form machinery.(1.2.6Damages from floods of river or streams.(1.2.7Obstruction of flow of water in the river or any stream.(1.2.8Effect on surface flow conditions in rains.(3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution.1.3.1Dust, smoke and other pollutants from construction Machinery including asphalt and concrete batching plant. (1.3.2Dust of other pollutants from stored material and spoil keeps.(1.3.3Smoke from burning of waste material or burning firewood.(1.3.4Noise from use of old or outdate machinery.(1.3.5Noise due to any blasting.(1.3.6Soil compaction due to labor camps and machinery yards.(4. Biological Resources1.4.1Damage to biological resources (1.4.2Damage to Fisheries(1.4.3Impact on (adjacent) open land(1.4.4Impact on any migratory birds.(1.4.5Impact on endangered spices.(5. SocioEconomic Cultural and Archeological Issues.1.5.1Existing services education, health, electricity, water supply communication.(1.5.2Local ethnicity, Tribal Tensions, communal rivalries(1.5.3Impact on area under crops(1.5.4Land ownership / Land tenure system(1.5.5Access to construction material.(1.5.6Adverse effect on cultural and archaeological heritage (if any).(1.5.7Graveyards or burials.(1.5.8Public safety at construction site. (1.5.9Health and safety of labor and employees on construction site.(1.5.10Resettlement of Affectee land inhabitants of houses which will in RoW.(1.5.11Loss of cultural ties and family lands due to involuntary shifting of population(1.5.12Loss of livelihood due to loss of land and ancestral villages.(1.5.13Loss of local technique and knowledge due to shifting of population(1.5.14HIV / AIDS and infections diseases such as cholera and Jaundice in the labor, employees and nearby Public.(1.5.15Employment(1.5.16Women status: Exposure to employment and education opportunities.(1.5.17Hurdle in cultural Reunion.(1.5.18Hurdle in accessing market opportunities for agricultural produce.(1.15.19Reduction in recreation opportunities.(2. Operational Phase AspectsImpacts/Aspects AssessedAssessmentSlightModerateSignificant1(2(3(1(2(3(1(2(3(Monitoring and Evaluation as per operational manual and monitoring plan2.1Compliance of M&E plan.(2.2continuous evaluation of design efficiency (2.3Understanding and training of operational manual.(2.4Environmental annual Audit(2.5Regular Maintenance (2.6Staff welfare(2.7Continuous public consultation(2.8Continued gender issues and women consultation.(2.9Refresher courses for operational staff.(Explanation of the Impact Assessment in Table 7.1 Table 7.1 above provides a schematic presentation of the degree, significance and mitigation of various environmental and social factors at construction and operational phases. This section provides a brief explanation of each factor, also suggesting a line of action towards mitigation measures for the adverse impacts. Site for Disposal of Waste Construction Material The project area is comparatively plain. There will be some cutting involved. There may be surplus earth or waste construction material which needs disposal. Mitigation The construction waste material will be disposed off in selected barren spots as allowed/approved by Resident Engineer and level it so that it becomes a useful. No waste material will be thrown into the river or other water bodies. Landslides, Unstable Soil or Similar Unforeseen Conditions Landslides or unstable soil conditions may impact the construction work. Improper construction methodology can cause landslides. Mitigation Local readjustments in foundation treatment or any other small changes will be allowed to the contractor by the Resident Engineer (RE). Contractor will make all arrangements to avoid any land slide caused by the construction activities; remedial actions will be undertaken in case of any such slide. Location of Labor Camps, Material Depots, Equipment Yards and Approach Roads Because of availability of ample area belonging to state on either side of the road location of labor camps material depot, equipment yard and approach roads will not cause any serious problem. So this is a matter of slight significance and can easily be mitigated. Mitigation The contractor will, in consultation with RE, select the location of all these facilities within the state land. The camp/other site facilities will be established on a flat land without much natural vegetation, at least 250 m away from the communities. Satellite imagery can also be used to select the suitable sites, to record the pre-construction conditions, and to monitor the condition of these sites during and after the construction phase. Any Natural Disasters Such as Heavy Rains, Floods and Earthquakes Any natural disasters such as heavy rains, floods or earthquakes can potentially impact the project works. Mitigation Contractor in consultation with RE and local community will resolve the issues, in the best interest of the FHA. Neither party will however be held responsible for any force majeure. Contamination from Diesel and Other Oil Spills from Construction Machinery Any leakage or spillage of diesel, oil or any other chemical will contaminate the soil which may in turn impact the water sources, nearby community and/or productive land. Mitigation Contractor will apply strict rules on his workers and labor to ensure that no spill or leakages are caused. All fuels, oils and bitumen will be stored appropriately, with concrete padding and bunding for containment in case of leakage. If the spills or leakages do take place, it must be followed by the treatment prescribed below as per the degree of spill or leakages. The contractor will employ the general criteria for oil and leakage at construction sites, as per standards set forth by Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Associate which are as follows: (Source: IPIECA Report Series, Volume-12, Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management) Minor Skill / Leakage: Soil contaminated by minor spills / leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of soil contaminated is less than 10 sq ft and 3 inches respectively) is to be scraped and burnt in a burn pit, away from population. Moderate Spills are defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These equipments and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed off by burning in the burn pit or by specialized treatment such as bioremediation. Major Spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) requires initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation. Damage to Roads, Cross Drainages Damage to roads, cross drainages can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers or operators. Such carelessness can cause considerable damage to paths, roads and drainages if the drivers/operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of moderate significance but can be mitigated through care and regulation. Mitigation Contractor will prepare standard operating procedures and impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles to minimize any damage to roads or structures. Should any damage take place, the contractor will carry out repairs immediately. An effective sinology and a good traffic plan can reinforce the instructions to drivers. Earthen Embankments or Concrete Work, Edge Scouring Poor design and inappropriate construction procedures can potentially damage the embankments, concrete works or road edges. The impact is moderately significant but can easily be mitigated. Mitigation Edge scouring of earthen embankments or concrete work must first be dealt at design stage. Wherever such a situation is anticipated, aprons should be provided to secure edges and specifications must be kept of high standards. During the construction phase this aspect should be addressed through appropriate construction methodology and employing appropriate techniques such as protection walls and rip rap. Contractor will repair all damages to the earthen embankments, concrete works, or pavement edges caused by the construction works. During the operation phase appropriate measures need to be incorporated in the Operational Manual. Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil Uncontrolled release of construction water or dumping of excess soil/rubbles can destroy/damage the nearby structures, slopes, and private property, potentially leading to significant damage. If such a situation does appear, it becomes highly significant though it can be mitigated. Mitigation The contractor will make adequate arrangements to avoid such leakages, uncontrolled releases, and dumping of soil/rubbles. Should such leakage develop, the contractor must remain fully prepared to immediately control the discharge. The contractor will be liable to pay for or repair such damages. Any Discharge, Spill or Dumping in Graveyards or Burials Any uncontrolled discharge of effluents or dumping of soil can potentially impact the religiously significant places such as graveyards. Should a situation present itself during project construction, it will be moderately significant but can be mitigated. Mitigation The contractor will take all precautionary measures to forestall any uncontrolled release of effluents or dumping of soil/rubbles into any graveyards, shrine or any other religiously sensitive place. The contractor will be liable to repair and/or compensate any damage to such places caused by the construction activities. Impact of Borrowing Material from Earth Borrow Sites A large quantity of earth will be removed from borrow pits located within the state land on either side of the road. This can potentially cause slope instability, loss of soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage. Mitigation The borrow areas will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. The contractor will ensure that the borrowing does not cause slope instability, loss of soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage. Wherever possible/necessary, these places will be leveled and planted with trees using appropriate planting technology/methodology. Impact on Roads/Infrastructure used for Transport of Construction Materials including Asphalt, Bitumen Transport of construction machinery, construction material and construction workers will cause additional wear and tear of the roads/infrastructure and raise considerable dust. This impact will be a moderately significant and can be adequately mitigated. Mitigation The contractor will be responsible to repair any damage caused to the local infrastructure by the construction activities. Water sprinkling will be carried out where necessary to minimize dust emissions. Impact of Stone Quarrying Inappropriate quarrying practices can lead to unstable slopes, risk of landslides, loss of top soil, and damage to the natural vegetation. Mitigation The government-approved quarry will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. It will be ensured that the quarrying does not significantly affect the slope stability, top soil, and natural vegetation of the area. Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and Machinery Yards The human and mechanical activity normally compacts the soil and turns the area as impervious and non productive for plant production after the project completion. Mitigation The contractor will restore the area under its temporary facilities. Photographs taken at the time of establishment of these facilities will be used for this purpose. Impact of Sourcing of Construction Water The contractor will obtain water for the construction sites and construction camps from the nearby surface and/or groundwater sources. This however can potentially affect water resources and the other water users of the area. Mitigation The contractor will procure water from a source approved by the RE, and if necessary, after obtaining the community consent. It will be ensured that this procurement of water does not negatively affect the communities or other water users. Impacts on Surface Water Inappropriate waste disposal can potentially contaminate the water bodies in turn affecting the local communities and aquatic biodiversity. Mitigation No untreated effluents will be released to the environment. For the toilet waste, the contractor will establish/install appropriate waste treatment system (such as septic tanks and soaking pits appropriately sized and located) at the site facilities (offices, camps, others). The waste water from kitchen and toilets can be released in soaking pits or used for plantation/water sprinkling. Oily water must be passed through a settling tank. The contractor will prepare a waste management plan and have it approved by the RE. Source of Drinking Water The construction activities can potentially damage/affect the drinking water sources of the communities. The usage of unsafe water by the construction workers can cause health problems. Mitigation It will be ensured that the drinking water sources of the communities are not affected. The contractor will repair/replace/compensate for any damages caused by the construction activities. The contractor will make arrangements to supply safe drinking water to its staff and workers. Diesel and other fluids spilling or leakages from construction machinery Contamination from diesel and other fluids spilling and leakages from construction machinery over or near river waster, river bed or river barks can potentially contaminate the water resources of the area. Mitigation The contractor will make all necessary arrangement to avoid any leakages or spills of fuels, oils and chemicals. In case of any accidental leakages, the procedures presented in Section 7.2.5 will be applied. Protection of Construction Work from Floods Floods and heavy rains can potentially affect the construction works. Mitigation a suitable flood warning system is required to alert the whole implementation unit to adapt ways and means to adapt safeguards against flesh floods in the river or ephemeral streams. The contractor will make fool proof arrangements in advance to protect the ongoing construction works from floods, as per information received from the meteorological department or any other type of flood warning system. Obstructing the Flow of Streams At number of points, perennial stream cross the road. The road as such especially during construction can obstruct their normal flow. Mitigation The road design will include adequately designed bridges and culverts at the appropriate locations. The contractor will ensure that these water bodies/water courses are not blocked during the construction phase. Effect on Surface Flow Conditions The road can potentially affect and disrupt the drainage pattern of the area. Mitigation Design Engineer will ensure provision of appropriately sized side drains, to avoid negative impacts on the local drainage pattern. Contractor will follow the design specifications meticulously. During the construction phase, the contractor will make temporary drains and embankments where necessary to channel the runoff appropriately. Dust and gaseous Emissions from Construction Machinery or Asphalt Plants The construction activities and operation of vehicles and machinery will release exhaust emissions and also raise dust. Mitigation The contractor will ensure that its vehicles, machinery, and generators are properly designed and maintained, and comply with the applicable NEQS. The asphalt plant will not be operated without properly functioning dust control system such as wet scrubber. Water will be sprinkled where necessary to control the dust emissions. Dust or Other Pollutions from Stored Material and Spoil Keeps The material stock piles and material transportation can cause dust emissions, having a negative impact on the nearby communities and natural vegetation. Mitigation The material being transported or stored at the stockpiles will be kept covered where necessary to avoid dust emissions. Smoke from Burning of Waste Material or Burning Firewood A large number of big and small fires in the labor camp and burning of waste can produce smoke and smog which can cut off visibility, reduce visibility and cause suffocation along with causing diseases of the respiratory tract including cancer. Mitigation The contractor will use clean and smoke free fuel in the labor camp. Cutting and burning trees / shrubs for fuel will be prohibited. Instead gas cylinders should be used in the labor camp for cooking purposes. Similarly waste burning will not be allowed. The contractor will prepare waste management plan and have it approved by the RE. Noise The construction activities particularly rock blasting will generate noise, which can potentially affect the communities, wildlife, and also the construction workers. Mitigation The contractor will strictly follow the NEQS for ambient noise. All necessary measures such as noise barriers will be taken to reduce the noise particularly near the communities. Rock basting near the communities will be avoided to the extent possible. The local communities will be informed about the rock basting. The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to the construction workers and its usage will be made mandatory. Impact on any Stream or Water Body Some stream or water bodies may be affected or blocked by construction of the road. Mitigation No dumping will be allowed in a stream or a water body. All streams running across the road will have culverts or causeways. All streams running parallel to road will be embanked. Damage to Biological Resources (Flora and Fauna) The project activities may potentially cause some disturbance to the wild species of the area, however, this impact is not significant. The area has already underwent modification because of human settlements, building of the road, and associated vehicular traffic, therefore most of the wild faunal species would have already left the area. A total of 170 non-fruit trees (including 93 privately owned and 77 Forest Department owned) will need to be removed for the road construction. Natural vegetation can potentially be damaged at the camp site, asphalt plant site, borrow areas, and also caused by the vehicle/machinery operation. Mitigation No clearance of vegetation or killing/hunting/trapping of wild animal will be allowed. Compensation will be paid for any tree cutting on the private land. Compensatory tree plantation will be carried out for Forest Department owned trees and for each tree removed, five saplings will be planted. About 400 plants will be planted by Forest Department for which a provision of RS. 238,000/- has been made in the Budget. The Project will ensure appropriate care and monitoring of this plantation. Camps and other temporary facilities will be established in a manner that minimizes loss of natural vegetation including trees. Borrow material will be obtained without causing any damage to the natural vegetation. Damage to Fish and Fisheries Inappropriate waste disposal in the river water can affect the aquatic fauna. Mitigation No untreated waste, excess soil, or garbage will be dumped in the river. River and streams will not be blocked by the construction activities. No hunting, trapping, or fishing by the construction workers will be allowed. Acquisition of Private Assets and Compensation A detailed census survey was carried out to record the names of persons and the details of their affected assets and crops falling in the Row of the Project. The cutoff date of this survey was announced as May 11, 2011. Any person, whose land, asset / infrastructure, source of income or access to resources is likely to be affected by the projects operations, is an Affected Person. These include mainly the encroachers of land and assets located within the RoW. The survey has revealed that the land for the proposed road widening project is state owned; hence no land acquisition is involved. It is 50 feet wide RoW from the centre line of the existing road. FHA has obtained the road ownership records from the Local Revenue Offices to this extent. However, the survey indicated that over time, the land within the 50 feet RoW has been encroached by the people. The number of such encroacher households within construction limits of proposed road design has been identified as 26. The number of tenants comes to 39. By applying the average household size of 7.23 persons, The total number of PAPs works out to be 1822. The information relating to the categories of Project Affected Persons is provided in Table 7.2. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 7. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 2: Categories of Encroachers (Households) Category of Affected PersonNumberAffected AssetOwners of Structures2426Owners of Trees3293Agricultural Land Encroachers3112.84 kanals (about 1.6 acres)Tenants39Source : Census Survey of the Project Area, ACE, May 2011. Mitigation The compensation for the assets to be acquired is discussed in the following sections. Loss of Structures The major resettlement impacts will take place at the bridge locations. It has been observed that major socioeconomic activity is concentrated in the big settlements like Kabal and Kanju along the road. People have encroached the government land. Accordingly, the extension of road within the available RoW will affect a number of structures. Parts of such structures have been built on the land falling within the RoW.The census survey has revealed that about 26 structures of different types, owned by 24 persons, will be affected. The details of the affected structures are provided in Table 7.3, whereas the information with ownership details is provided in SIA report. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 7. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 3: Loss of Structures DescriptionNo. of StructuresArea of Structures (sq. m.)Total CoveredAffectedAffected as % of Total CoveredShop1668529443House43848325753Boundary Wall233100Total26117155447.30Source : Census Survey of the APs by M/s. ACE, May 2011. Compensation The compensation rates of various construction types structures are adopted in consideration of composite Schedule Rates, NWFP 2009 for Swat district with premiums (30% to account for escalation), the discussions with the engineers of building department and the data collected from the affected persons in this respect. To estimate the replacement value of residential and commercial structures, the assets have been standardized for compensation on an average unit rate per square foot. The compensation amount thus determined is tabulated below. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 7. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 4: Valuation of Privately Owned Affected Structures / Assets Type of StructuresNo. of StructuresArea (Sq. ft.)Unit Rate (Rs. /sq. ft.)Total Cost (Rs.)1.A179,4249004,986,2852.B008200.03.C006000.04.D093,8843501,359,352Total269,4246,345,637 Additional Assistance for Vulnerable Households The number of vulnerable households having monthly earnings below official poverty line (OPL) is estimated to be 28. Among these 27 are squatters and 01 is labourer These people dont have opportunities elsewhere to work for their livelihood and thats why they have their homes along the system for livelihood earning. For such households, in addition to the compensation for their affected assets, an additional allowance of Rs. 11,195 (equal to one month amount of inflation adjusted OPL according to average household size), will be paid as additional assistance. The amount of compensation to be paid on this account comes to be Rs. 334,628/ . Removal of Trees Total number of privately owned timber / fuel trees falling within the proposed RoW comes to about 93. These include Chir, kikar, Bakain, shahtoot, and others. The owners have been provided with compensation for these trees. In addition to these trees, about 27 fuel wood trees owned by government will also need removal. No fruit tree is affected within the RoW. The information in respect of number and ownership of the trees by type are summarized in Table 7.5 and details are provided in SIA report. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 7. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 5: Trees to be Removed From the RoW NonFruit TreesName of TreeBelow 15 yearsOver 15 YearsTotal1.Bekain772.Kikar883.Shahtoot24244.Others5454Total9393Source : Census Survey of Affected Persons, by M/s. ACE, May 2011. Compensation All the affected trees are of timber/ fuel wood type and are mostly at the pole stage with average age ranging between 69 years. This information was shared with the Forest Department officials and the owners of private forests. As a result of these discussions / consultations, the average price per tree was taken as Rs.1,200 for use in the budget. As such, the total compensation for privately owned affected trees works out to be Rs. 111,600. In addition to privately owned trees, about 77 governments owned nonfruit trees will also be affected. These are owned by the Forest Department. For the replenishment of these trees, compensatory plantation at 1:5 has been proposed. The activity will be carried out through the Forest Department. About 400 plants will be planted along the road, for which a provision of Rs. 238,000 has been made in the budget. Loss of Cropped Area The survey has revealed that about 32 farmers will be losing their source of livelihood as a result of occupation of encroached land of RoW by the FHA. About 10.411 kanals (about 1.3 acres) of cropped area will be affected. The details of the affected area are provided in SIA report. Compensation A compensation of Rs 28,022 will be paid to the farmers in accordance with the procedures set out in the SIA/Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). Temporary Land Acquisition Land required for establishing contractors facilities including camp, workshop, plants, borrowing earth material and dumping excess spoil will be acquired directly from private landowners by the contractor. The provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 will not be invoked under the proposed Project, as the acquisition of the land will be temporary and will be covered by shortterm lease agreements between the landowners and contractors under the approval of the Project Engineer. Rental terms will have to be negotiated to the satisfaction of the landowners concerned. Mitigation The staff of the FHA and supervisory Consultants will monitor the process of restoration and ensure, through the terms of the construction contracts, that landowners are compensated according to the terms of the lease agreements, and the restoration actions agreed upon by the contractors are duly carried out. The photodocumentation of the existing land prior to temporarily acquisition should be available, which will be beneficial to resolve the restoration conflicts between the landowner and contractor. Similarly, prior to the commencement of construction activities, the Contractor will carry out base line survey for selecting the camp sites, dumping sites, public and community/private owned utilities, in conformity with the requirements of SIA study. The contractor will submit a development plan to the Engineerincharge, local government and EPA (KP), for its scrutiny and approval. Project facilities, viz., construction camp and workshop will be located at a minimum distance of 500 m from existing plantation, and settlements. This limit will be 1,000 m in case of batching plant. As far as possible, waste/barren land i.e. areas not under agricultural, residential or forestation use, and natural areas will be used for borrow material (if required) and setting up project facilities. Where the use of agricultural land is unavoidable for borrow of earth material, the top 30 cm of the plough layer will be stripped and stockpiled for redressing the land after the required borrow material has been removed. In case deep ditching is carried out, the top 1 m layer of the ditching will stripped and stockpiled. The ditch will initial filled with scrap material from construction then leveled with the stockpiled topsoil to make it even with the rest of the area. It shall be ensured that the scrap does not contain any material that may produce obnoxious material that would contaminate soil or water resources. Barren lands or valley side slopes will be used for dumping the excavated spoil material. Appropriate sites have to be located along the road for this activity. These facilities will be regularly monitored and cleaning activities implemented during operation phase to improve the cross drainage facilities of area. Infrastructure within RoW No public infrastructure such as schools, hospitals or offices fall within RoW. However, 100 electric poles and 52 telephone poles falling within the RoW will be relocated through their respective departments. Budgetary provisions for this activity have been made. Mitigation The survey has revealed that construction of project will affect 52 telephone and 100 electric Poles. The per unit relocation cost of these utilities were arrived at after having discussions with the officials of these departments and are provided as under. Electric Pole Rs. 35,000 per Unit Telephone Pole Rs. 15,000 per Unit Total cost of relocating the utilities works out to be Rs. 4,280,000 (Rs. 3,500,000 for electric poles and Rs. 780,000 for shifting of telephone poles). Increased Risk of Accidents Caused by Partial Closure of Road during Construction During construction activities, traffic flow will be disturbed. At sections passing through populated areas, there will be limited scope for providing diversion tracks for the mobility of local and thorough traffic. As a result of road improvement the traffic volume will increase during operation stage, there may be safety hazards for the locals residing along the edge of the road as well as vehicular traffic. Mitigation Proper site specific measures will be carried out in consultation with supervisory consultants to ensure the safety of population residing along and around the project corridor. A detailed Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor with the approval of the Project Engineer. Necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags, and lights) erected as required by the FHA and set up as per local regulations. The construction work will be managed such that part of the carriageway at a time is upgraded leaving the other part available to serve one way traffic. Construction work will be carried out in small stretches instead of a long stretch. During operation stage FHA will make arrangements with some organization/contractor for proper maintenance and operation of the road. Periodic inspections will be made by contracted firm particularly in monsoon season to identify the landslide areas and their remedial measures. In case of any land slide contracted firm will clear the road within minimum time. For this purpose the firm should be fully equipped and there should be contingency plan in case of any emergency/natural disaster. Safety and Health Hazards Occurrence of accidents/incidents during the construction activities, particularly from excavation activities is generally common. The workers and general public residing along the project corridor or near the work sites will particularly be at risk. In addition, contractor staff while on work may get injuries. Mitigation The contractor will comply with the safety precautions for construction workers as per International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62, as far as applicable to the project contract. The construction workers will be trained in construction safety procedures, social awareness, equipping all construction workers with safety boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring their proper and sustained usage. Contractor will ensure the provision of medicines, first aid kits, vehicle, etc. at the camp site. Restricted Mobility of Local Population During the construction phase the general mobility of the local residents and their livestock in and around the project area is likely to be hindered. Likewise access to the natural resource may be affected. This particularly implies to the women folk and children. Construction activities, particularly excavation and movement of haul truck and machinery may disrupt the existing tracks leading from the main road to settlements. This will limit the accessibility of the local population to the main road. Mitigation The contractor will ensure that the mobility of the local communities and their livestock is not hindered by the construction activities. The contractor will provide crossing points at the road at appropriate places to facilitate the people for going across the road for their daily works and having free access to the natural resources. Generally the contractor will avoid using the village tracks for hauling the construction material. However, if it is unavoidable, the existing ones will be widened, overlaid with shingle or surface treated to accommodate local as well as contractors traffic under the approval of the Project Engineer. Gender Issues According to the findings of the socioeconomic survey, the privacy of women may suffer due to the project activities. Moreover, they actively participate in other outdoor socioeconomic activities such as livestock rearing, bringing of potable water, etc which may also be affected by the project activities. The induction of outside labor may create social and gender issues due to the unawareness of local customs and norms. It may also cause hindrance to the mobility of local women for working in the field, herding livestock, picking fuel wood, etc. Mitigation The Contractor will select the specific timings for the construction activities particularly near the settlements, so as to cause least disturbance to the local population particularly women. The Contractor will carry out the construction activities in such a way that the open defecation timings by the local community particularly women, should not be affected. The normal defecation timings are early in the morning and at late in the evening. So, the Contractor will have to take care of these timings. Contractor will take due care of the local community and observe sanctity of local customs and traditions by his staff. Contractor will warn the staff strictly not to involve in any unethical activities and to obey the local norms and cultural restrictions particularly with reference to women. During construction activities, if privacy of the nearby households is affected, the Contractor will inform the house owner to make some arrangements. Similarly, Contractor will take care as much as possible that the construction activities should not affect the privacy particularly with reference to women. Social Conflicts and Employment of Locals on the Project The presence of outside construction workers may cause some degree of social disruption and even active disputes with the local community as a result of social/ cultural differences. This particularly relates to the disruption of the privacy of women folk working in the fields or even in the yards of their houses, should the house lying at lower elevation than the working sites. Likewise the risk of theft of the community assets by the Contractor workers and vice versa may occur. Mitigation Good relations with the local communities will be promoted by encouraging Contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to the locals, as well as onthejob training in construction for young people. Rise in the Prices of Essential Commodities Due to induction of outside labor for project works, the demand for basic items will increase thereby causing an increase in the prices of essential commodities Mitigation The project will exert no negative impacts on the prices of essential commodities. It is estimated that project will employ about 120 skilled and unskilled staff. Most of the unskilled labor will be recruited from the local areas. As such there will be no extraordinary increase in the demand for essential or other commodities. The Contractor, will, however, be required to maintain the field camps supplies from the main Mingora market. Use of Local Water Supplies and Other Common Resources Local water supplies will need to be tapped to meet campsite and construction requirements, bringing its use into competition with the use by the local communities. Local water may be affected due to implementation of project both in quantity as well as quality. Mitigation The contractor will explore the alternative water resource so that the existing community water resources are not impacted. No existing water source under the use of community will be exploited by the Contractor for campsite facilities as well as construction purposes. Availability of water for campsite facilities and construction purposes will be ensured by the Contractor prior to start of construction activities. As per Local Government Act, the contractor will seek approval from the local government for exploitation of the water resources. The Contractor will be required to maintain close liaison with local communities to ensure that any potential conflicts related to common resource utilization for project purposes are resolved quickly. The contractor will prepare guidelines for the workers for minimizing the wastage of water during construction activities and at campsites. Adverse Effects on Archaeological Sites No known archeological sites exit along the project corridor or its close vicinity. Mitigation The Contractor will be required to instruct the construction crews and site supervisors in archaeological / cultural / historical sites and artifacts site recognition, conservation procedures, and temporary site protection In case of a chance find excavation, the Contractor must halt work at the site immediately, inform the Project Engineer and notify the Department of Archaeology and Museums through FHA. Graveyards Graveyards and burial sites are very sensitive for the local community. The shifting of graves falling in the RoW may cause social disruption and ultimately affect the project works. Mitigation Two graveyards at Sharifabad and Kabal will be affected. A detailed consultation with the local communities has been made and they have agreed to shift the affected graves to some other site. For this proper shifting allowance has been provided. FHA will get this task done through the locals by involving the managing bodies of these graveyards and the local people particularly those people whose relatives graves are to be shifted. Spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the Project Labor and Adjoining Population The presence of a large number of construction workers and other associated personnel may lead to the spread of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Mitigation Contractor will arrange awareness programs for the communicable diseases in the field camps on regular basis by a qualified expert/doctor. Contractor will provide recreational facilities such as playing volleyball of football after the work hours. Similarly, he will provide indoor recreation in terms of radio and TV at the eating place. The Contractor will ensure regular medical checkup of the camp staff from a qualified doctor on fortnightly basis. If any person found affected with any of the transmittal diseases will be immediately shifted from the camp to the hospital for detailed checkup and treatment. The cost will be borne by the Contractor. Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to avoid any social and health problems. Recreational Facilities for Public The construction activities may damage any nearby parks or recreation areas used by the local population or the tourists. Mitigation The Contractor will ensure the restoration and rehabilitation of construction and camp sites on completion of the project. FHA will develop parks particularly for children and ladies at appropriate sites along the road to provide them better recreational opportunities. This will also attract the outside tourists as well, thus increasing the incomes of the local people through increased socioeconomic activities. FHA should carry out tree plantation along the road. Operational and Management Phase At operational phase the Project Manager will develop a comprehensive operational and Management Manual of the Highway and an effective monitoring plan. Mistakes at operational level or handling of operations by untrained staff can prove very risky and costly. Important points to be attended at operational stage are as follows: Comprehensive O&M Rules as per ISO standards Strict application of prescribed M&E plan Continuous evaluation of design efficiencies Understanding and training of Operational and Maintenance Manual Annual Environmental Audit based upon tribase assessment. Regular maintenance of engineering works (mechanical as well as civil). Staff Welfare Continued Public consultation and feed back on that Continue attention towards Gender issues and women consultation Refresher Training Courses for operational staff Socioeconomic Impacts on the Overall Project Area In ultimate analysis the impacts of project on social and economic activities in the Project area will be mostly positive. The economic analysis shows very high economic benefits compared to the cost. Salient economic benefits of the project are: Boosting of trade through ensured and enhanced capacity to take additional traffic. Increased economic activity with improved transport will ensure easy marketing of agriculture and livestock produce. With improved economy, there will be further improvement in services in the area and opportunities for employment, education, healthcare, especially for women and children, will improve. Possible stimulus to other diversified economic development, such as Tourism development programmers, will be generated Employment during construction phase will employ and train a large number of unemployed youth. They will receive a life time benefit through skill training, capacity building and poverty alleviation. A large number of semi and unskilled workers in the project area will be hired. Greater awareness about Health care including HIV/AIDS and infectious diseases amongst the labor and the close by community will be created. At microlevel the bustle and bustle of economic activities may bring the cost of living down by making essential commodities available at cheaper rates. This combined with higher incidence of employments will bring the poverty line and crime rate much lower. Environmental Management Plan General This Chapter contains the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Project. It has the following components: Mitigation Plan (summary) Monitoring Program Institutional Agreements Comprehensive Mitigation Plans Most of the mitigation activities proposed in EMP will be included under provisions in the construction contract, engineering supervision contract and necessary agreement with the communities. Mitigation through Avoidance of Adverse Impacts by Suitable Design Built in, inherent and devastatingly negatively impacts can take place because of an unsound design and most negative factors can be avoided (eliminated) through the use of improved and environmentally sound technical design. Usually the engineers find a compromise somewhere in between to adjust with the available finances. The road has however, been designed on modern lines, in fact imbibing state of the art model. Lessons can be learnt from the other motorway built and made functional in the country. A number of defects can be avoided by following good design practices on other models. Record of such models is available within FHA. Tender and Construction Phase Impact Reduction Measures There are specific measures required of the contractor to reduce the potential impacts of physical works and also the proposal for monitoring contractors compliance / performance during construction phase. The contract document will contain requirements for: Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan, addressing occupational health, safety, and environmental aspects. Preparation of traffic management plan, addressing movement of vehicles for material/construction manpower transportation, full/partial road closure during road construction, warning signs, and other necessary measures. Preparation and maintenance of documentation record of any road accidents or site accidents. Provision of insurance coverage to the construction workers. Proper management of construction waste and preparation of waste management plan Control measures for waste fuel Reduction of oil / lubricants, spill or leakage, noise and dust level Rehabilitation of areas used for construction detours and sites used to temporarily store construction materials. Use and proper maintenance of equipment with appropriate noise and smoke abatement Restoration of borrow areas or stone quarry areas. Other requirements as obligation of the contractor, emanating from the Mitigation Plan and the EMP. Specific provision will also included to mandate the use of formal health including protection against HIV / AIDS, safety and group insurance measures to minimize accidents and avoid fatalities during the construction process. Advisory element to address a number of other issues will also be included in the contract. These will include Implementation of EMP and its monitoring through EMMP. Road Closures At time road will have to be closed for some time. It must be done with the permission of the relevant Highway Authority and after providing alternate route through diversions, adequate signology and traffic management plan. Cultural and Historical Resources Communities will be requested to identify in the field all known sites of cultural and historical value that may be affected by the project for protections by the contractor during construction phase. Archaeological Field Support The Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa will make available (on demand) a qualified archaeologist to conduct field investigations when important search work and new material sites are opened. No such site is yet in view but just in case it does; the services of archeologist can be had. Graveyard and Burials If unrecorded graveyards and / or burials are found during the courses of construction activities, the supervisions agency will contact and work with local religious authorities within the immediate project area to allow for possible identification of the remains and when appropriate, properly undertake relocation and burial. Local Employment The contractor is advised that both unskilled labor and skilled masons / mistries / stone workers are easily available from local communities as and when required. There is no obligation to hire local labor but it is desirable that maximum employment benefits are made available to local communities. Resources use AgreementConstruction Materials Earth is available with the open area in state land area on either side of the road. It has been estimated that the entire quantity of the earth required for the road will be available from the proposed borrow sites (See Project Map Figure 1.1). The stream bed sand is fit for use in rough construction. Stones are available from local quarries. Yet there may be a need for additional agreement with public to obtain certain materials. In that case the farmland should be given the lowest priority in procuring the fill material. Whenever the borrow pits are dug, considerable care should be taken in their location. The site may invariably be rehabilitated after use. Ideal situation would be that site is made good to a condition almost similar to that prior to the project. It will be helpful if photographs of preproject condition are used for the purpose of comparison. Resources Use Agreements Water Although ample quantity of good quality water is available as river and ground water in the project area, yet the contractor will be required to detail water demands and indicate source of water prior to the start of construction. Disposal plan for waste water without polluting the fertile soil, clean river water or ambient air, will be produced by the contractor for approval of RE and the Project Manager (PM) assisted by the Environmental Consultant. PreTender Conference To ensure full understanding of above clauses by prospective contractors, all prequalified contractors will attend a pretender conference, where they will be briefed on their responsibilities with regard to environmental, social, health and safety issues. These briefings will review specific provisions of the construction tender documents and contracts. Pre Construction Coordination Meeting Once the contract is awarded the contractor will be required to regularly attend coordination meeting(s) with project authorities and the local communities. At these meetings, the Project Manager (PM) and the Resident Engineer (RE) will further explain the Terms and Conditions of the Contract, especially those narrated above, if possible. Operational Phase Management of Operational Impact The Project will also address future maintenance impacts. These will be implemented through specially requested financial support from FHA and the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as Recurring Budget to avoid any deterioration in the functioning of the rehabilitated road and to guard against any possible hydrological problems. Maintenance agency / contractor will be required to follow procedures similar to those for the construction contractor concerning proper disposal of construction waste, control measures, for waste fuel, oil and lubricants and adoption of health and safely measures for personnel. Management of Social Impacts To assessment and address the social aspects of the project, a separate social assessment has been conducted, during which social impacts and their mitigation have been identified in detail. In addition, social impacts will be managed through the Social Framework Agreement (SFA), which will be made amongst RE as representative of the FHA, the Contractor and the Communities living in the vicinity of the project area. The SFA will be drafted and signed when the project is finally approved and the implementation commences. A draft illustrative agreement has been provided which may be updated, if necessary. . Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) Main instrument of recognition of the Environmental Impact is the Environment Management Plan (EMP) of which Environmental Management Monitory Plan (EMMP) is a component. Implementation of the EMP will be the contractual obligation of the Contractor. For that the Contracted will engage a full time technical staff capable of a carrying out the prescriptions of the EMP as contractual obligations under the contract document. The Engineering Supervision Consultants will have on their team a full time professional level Environmental Expert to provide an overall professional cover to the environmental monitoring process and the procedures and initiate required reports and point out any gaps in the implementation of the mitigation measures or enforcement of the prescriptions of the EMP. In FHA there is an Environmentalist, which will monitor and evaluate (M&E) application of environmental measures at detailed design, bidding and construction stages. The result of M&E activities will be included as routine element of reports prepared by the Project Manager for FHA. The monitoring program will comprise site inspection designed to determine contractors compliance or otherwise with EMP and applicable regulations and statutes. Monitoring program designed to provide quality assessments of the environmental parameters under pre and post project condition are not proposed. It is however to be noted that: Project impacts will be identified by site inspections and in discussion with site incharge(s) RE and local communications The project is a localized activity and changes in the environment are likely to be minimum. Except for some unanticipated factors, originating from offsite facilities, the project is not likely to cause significant discomfort/disturbance to communities. For offsite facilities, if needed, inspections (and response to complaints, if any) will indicate whether any further action needs to be taken or not. The proposed site inspections by the Consultants Environmentalist and the FHA will be carried out on regular basis as per their own time schedules, but not necessarily as minimum level of M&E activities by each monitoring agency the program outlined in Table 8.1 below should be observed. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 1: Minimum Monitoring Plan Project PhaseProposed Minimum InspectionsPreConstructionOne visit to main project site One visit each to proposed Borrow site, Camp site, Material Depot site, Proposed machinery yard and other proposed sites. One visit to each community One visit to proposed water sourcesConstructionVisits to main project site at 20%, 50%, 75% and 100% completion stage. One visit to other project sites every quarter. Two visits per quarter in response to complaintsPost ConstructionOne visit to each construction site (part) site during construction. Two visits to each component site 1218 months after the completion of the highway Two visits per quarter on response to any complaintsIt is also anticipated that additional inspection will be required in response to any complaints by local communities. So another two visits per quarter may be budgeted for M&E personnel. All officers concerned with M&E will prepare their own M&E Implementation Plans for information of all concerned. All M&E personnel will be given optimal mobility and flexibility to implement their M&E implementation plans. Visits / Inspection Authorization For the inspection process to function, access to the project and other related sites must be guaranteed. Accordingly, the contract documents and operating documents will incorporate a phrase with similar intent to that outlined below: Any officer authorized in writing by Project Manager / FHA or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), may at any time enter any premises whether prescribed or otherwise, and may: Examine and inspect equipment, control equipment, monitoring equipment or plant. Take samples of any pollutants that are emitted, discharged or deposited, or are likely to be or are of a class or kind that are usually emitted, discharged or deposited from such premises. Examine any books, records or documents relating to the performance or use of such equipment, control equipment, monitoring equipment or plant or relating to the emission, discharge or deposit from such premises. Photograph such premises as he/she considers necessary or make copies of any book, records or documents seen in the course of such examination. Roles and Responsibilities Management Responsibility Responsibility for environmental management during the construction phase of the Project will rest with various agencies under the umbrella of FHA. (i)The Implementation Agency The Contractor his qualified and Technical Staff trained in implementation of EMP and employed on whole line basis.(ii)Supervising Agency Supervision Consultant through a Professional Level Environmental Experts giving a professional cover to entire exercises, employed on full time basis.(iii)Monitoring Agency Deputy Director Environment as part of FHA.(iv)General Assistance to all above agencies in their respective tasks Resident Engineer of the Project will facilitate communications, logistics and data collection as and when required.(v)External Monitoring An Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) engaged by FHA. (vi)Donors Monitoring Donor may monitor the EMP implementation through his monitoring personnel / team.(i) The Implementing Agency Implementing Agency for the Monitoring Plan will assume overall responsibility for ensuring: that while executing the contract and undertaking the construction all environmental norms, regulations and requirements promulgated by Environmental Protection Council (EPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection (PEPA) Agency, with respect to the work site and adjacent areas are fully respected and implemented; that all the mitigating measures for adverse impacts are duly and timely implemented in letter and sprits. For that daily, monthly and annual check lists must be formulated and maintained. Various design readjustments made as mitigations to arrest certain avoidable adverse impacts are fully documented and faithfully implemented. All mitigation and precautionary measures prescribed in EMP will be implemented meticulously and well in time and duly reflected in the progress reports. For this task a well qualified Environmental Engineer and his support staff will be hired by the Contractor. Financial requirements for the purposed task will be included in the BOQ by the contractor. (ii) Supervising Agency The Project Manager as the Head of Consultants for Engineering Supervision will be the Supervising Agency and will be responsible for the timely and sound execution of activities given in an acceptable sequence under the project. The Consultants Team will include a full time Environmental Expert, who will give a professional cover and practical support to the entire Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation activity throughout the Project during its implementation. Finances for this will be provided by the Consultation from within the Consultation Fees for the Project by including necessary man months in overall consultancy time request. (iii) Monitoring Agency An Environmentalist is already on the staff of FHA, as part of Project Management set up, to monitor project performance. His function pertaining to Environmental Monitoring will be: Deputy Director Environment and his support staff will monitor the EMP implementation as frequently as possible. The Deputy Director Environment will review monthly, quarterly and annual progress reports from contractor as vetted by the project consultants. The Deputy Director will function coordination with RE. The Deputy Director will prepare and submit periodical Progress and Monitoring Reports to donors as per their schedules and will get conducted the External Project Monitoring or Evaluation by external monitor or nominee of the donor. In this task he will seek assistance / guidance from Consultants / Environmental Expert of the consultants team. Finance to cover all expanses of the Deputy Director Environment will be provided in the project Budget. (iv) Logistic Support RE will provide or arrange the logistics including communication, transport and accommodation to all visiting persons/teams experts from any of the above monitoring units and will coordinate with contractor(s) to facilitate the visits / inspections. For all Monitoring and Evaluation activities in the field the RE will act as a focal point. (v) Summary of Finances for Various Agencies As provided above in different paragraphs, following is the summary of Finances for various tiers of EMP implementation, monitoring and evaluation, process: AgencyFinancial AgreementContractors Technical Staff for EMP implementation and allied logistics.Cost provided in BOQ as per PC1.Consultants Environmental Expert, the support staff and allied logistics.Included as Consultants Fees in Consultants Costs as per PC1.Environmental staff of FHA staff Consisting of Deputy Director Environment and Deputy Director Sociology, the support staff and allied logistics.Included in FHA Budget estimate as per PC1.Resident EngineerIncluded in FHA Budget as per PC1.Donor External Monitoring MissionIncluded in donor procurement costs.(vi) Checklists for Environmental Monitoring For the purpose of conducting environmental monitoring, the following checklists will be prepared and used at the site: 1.0 Campsite Checklist 1.1. Location of Labor Camps, Material dumps, equipment yards and approach roads to be selected properly. 1.2. Pollution from diesel and other oil spills from machinery suitably controlled 1.3. Smoke from burning of waste material or burning firewood. 1.4. Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and machinery yards. 1.5. HIV/AIDS and infection diseases in Labor employees and nearby public. 2.0 Borrow Area and Quarries Checklist (for each site) 2.1 Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site. 2.2 Access to other construction materials. 3.0 Waste Material Disposal 3.1 Site for disposal of waste construction material selected appropriately. 3.2 Material and Construction waste left behind, after the road construction is completed. 3.3 Diesel and other fluids spilling over to the construction site machinery. 4.0 Construction Site Checklist 4.1 Adjustments with unstable locations appearing during construction made. 4.2 Limitations of Construction sites resolved appropriately. 4.3 Earthen embankment or concrete work edge scouring recurred suitably. 4.4 Discharge to unstable slopes or leakages on construction controlled. 4.5 Any damage / discharge diversion of water to any spur/bund avoided. 4.6 Any discharge spill or dumping on any building or house on the river bank to be checked and mitigated. 4.7 Protection of construction from floods in main river or stream(s) crossing the road. 4.8 Effect on surface flow conditions in case of rain. 4.9 Dust smoke and other polluting impacts from construction machinery. 4.10 Dust or other pollutants from stored material / spoil heaps. 4.11 Noise from use of old or outdated machinery. 4.12 Noise due to blasting in hilly tract 4.13 Public safety at construction site. 4.14 Health and safety of labor and employees at construction site. 5.0 Water Extraction Point Checklist 5.1 Impacts on source of construction water. 5.2 Impacts on sources of surface water. 5.3 Impacts on sources of Ground water. 5.4 Impacts on sources of Drinking water. 6.0 Road Checklist 6.1 Drains, paths roads crossed by moving machinery and the damage suitably repaired. 6.2 Impacts on roads used for transport of construction material. 6.3 Impact of stone quarrying. 7.0 Operational Checklist 7.1 Strict application of prescribed Monitoring and Engineering Plan. 7.2 Continuous evaluation of design efficiency. 7.3 Understanding and training of operational manual. 7.4 Environmental Annual Audit. 7.5 Regular Maintenance. 7.6 Staff Welfare. 7.7 Continued Public Consultation. 7.8 Continued gender issues and women consultation. 7.9 Refresher Courses for operational staff. 7.10 Staff and labor Colony reconstruction. 7.11 Construction of some additional / support structures. 8.0 Biological Checklist 8.1 Damage to Flora. 8.2 Damage to Fauna. 8.3 Damage to Fisheries. 8.4 Impact on adjacent open lands. 8.5 Impact on migratory birds, using the river as their habitat. 8.6 Impact on Endangered species. 9.0 Sociological Checklist 9.1 Impact on existing services, education, health, electricity, water supply, communication. 9.2 Impact on local ethnicity, tribal tension, community rivalries and canal water disputes. 9.3 Impact on land ownership / land tansure system. 9.4 Adverse effect on cultural and Archaeological heritage. 9.5 Chance find during construction. 9.6 Graveyards or burials. 9.7 Employment. 9.8 Women status, exposure to employment and education opportunities 9.9 Cultural reunion through better communication. 9.10 Market opportunities. 9.11 Recreation opportunities and Tourism. 10.0 General Check List 10.1 Is EIA complete 10.2 Is EIA, IEE, Training complete 10.3 Is SHE Management complete This monitoring plan will cover the Project Implementation period, which will be 24 months commencing hopefully by July 2011. In case the commencement is delayed, project period will slide forwarded. Institutional Arrangements The existing organogram of the FHA is already adequate (see Figure 8.1) wherein a Deputy Director Environment is already functioning. The Consultants will have a professional level Environmental Expert on their panel. Reporting and Supervision The Environmental Supervision Consultant (ESC) will receive information from Contracts Environmentalist in the form of periodical reports as well as inspection notes based upon his monitoring and inspection at the project site. This information will make a basis for Environment Section of FHA for their further reporting. Those can be confirmed by visiting the site. All reports will be location and activity specific. The reports will especially identify areas of contractors noncompliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the noncompliance will also be noted. Periodically, the FHA will have to prepare and submit periodical reports to the donor. Copies of these reports will also be sent to the Project Manager as well as the Project Director for their information and necessary action. The non compliance by contractor will be linked with the system of payment of bills by classifying the non compliances as minor, moderate or major depending upon the period over which the non compliance is continued. Within one month the non compliance is minor, after two months it is moderate and after three months it becomes major. Figure  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Figure \* ARABIC \s 1 1: organogram for implementation of emp  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  The Environmental Expert, in his routine reports, will include a summary status of activities relating to the EMP. As and when necessary, supplemental reports with greater detail than the routine reports should also be prepared. These reports will reinforce the information for the Environmental staff on FHA who may use it for sending additional reports to the donor. FHA will also engage Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) to periodically verify the effective implementation of the ESMP. The Supervision Consultants through their Environmental Expert will be responsible for environmental supervision. Their Supervision Plan for the Project will include provisions for the participation of donor environmental staff in supervision missions, as appropriate and subject to available funding to review progress in implementation of the EMP. The performance of the Project Manager in the implementation of these activities under the Project will be a standard element of supervision mission reports, including these from the Early Implementation Assessment, and the Implementation Completion Mission. Mitigation Plans Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 2: Environmental Impacts during Construction Phase ImpactMitigationResponsibilityMitigation MeasureContract and Social Framework Agreement (SFA) ClausesImplementationSupervisionMonitoring1. LAND RESOURCES1.1 Site for disposal of waste construction materialControlled disposal of the waste construction material on agreed site per agreed method. The area to be leveled and contoured after disposing excess material. No waste will be thrown in the river or other water bodies.Contractors obligation as defined in the Tender and Contract DocumentsContractor in Collaboration with RESupervision Consultants through Environmentalist of supervision consultant (ESC)(i) Deputy Director Environment (DDE) (ii) Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) (iii) Donors Environmental Monitoring Mission (DEMM)1.2 Landslides, or unstable soilLocal readjustments in foundation treatment or any other small changes will be allowed to the contractor by the Resident Engineer (RE). Contractor will make all arrangements to avoid any land slide caused by the construction activities; remedial actions will be undertaken in case of any such slide.Contractors obligation as defined in contract and the Tender document Contractor and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.3 Location of camps, materials, equipment and special approach routes and roadsThe contractor will, in consultation with RE, select the location of all these facilities within the state land. The camp/other site facilities will be established on a flat land without much natural vegetation, at least 250 m away from the communities. Satellite imagery can also be used to select the suitable sites, to record the pre-construction conditions, and to monitor the condition of these sites during and after the construction phase.Contractors obligations to locate these sites in agreement with RE as per contract and community obligation as per SFAContractor and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.4 Any natural disasters such as heavy rains, floods and earthquakesContractor in consultation with RE and local community will resolve the issues, in the best interest of the FHA. Neither party will, however, be held responsible for any force majeure.Contactors obligation defined in the Tender and contract data and SFA with communityContractor and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.5 Rehabilitation of project extraction sites and storage materialsThe borrow areas will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. The contractor will ensure that the borrowing does not cause slope instability, loss of soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage. Wherever possible/necessary, these places will be leveled and planted with trees using appropriate planting technology/methodology.Contactors obligation defined in the Tender and contract dataContractor and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.6 Stabilization of slopes on earth fill worksAppropriate design for protection and minimizing effects of cross flow of streams. Contractor to take all necessary measures for stabilization of slopes.Preferably whole of problem ought to be mitigated through design For any further eventuality, it is contractors obligation to minimize the impactContractor and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.7 Agriculture land destruction Cuts, fills, digging and borrow operations to be controlled. Disposal of waste material to be controlled. any damage to the agriculture land and/or crops to be compensated. Contractors obligations refrain from entering into unauthorized agricultural land to be defined in the contract document clearly. Also clause in SFAContractor and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.8 Contamination from diesel and other spills from construction machineryContractor will apply strict rules on his workers and labor to ensure that no spill or leakages are caused. All fuels, oils and bitumen will be stored appropriately, with concrete padding and bunding for containment in case of leakage. The contractor will employ the general criteria for oil and leakage at construction sites, as per standards set forth by Guide Lines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation AssociateContractors obligation defined in the Tender and contract dataContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.9 Damage to Roads, Cross DrainagesContractor will prepare standard operating procedures and impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles to minimize any damage to roads or structures. Should any damage take place, the contractor will carry out repairs immediately. An effective sinology and a good traffic plan can reinforce the instructions to drivers.Contract document and drawings to clearly spot such points and contract document may make it contractors obligations to make temporary arrangements.Contract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.10 Earthen embankment or concrete work edge scouring on the Protection Bunds or on main sill structureEdge scouring of earthen embankments or concrete work must first be dealt at design stage. Wherever such a situation is anticipated, aprons should be provided to secure edges and specifications must be kept of high standards. During the construction phase this aspect should be addressed through appropriate construction methodology and employing appropriate techniques such as protection walls and rip rap. Contractor will repair all damages to the earthen embankments, concrete works, or pavement edges caused by the construction works.Contract document and drawings to indicate such spots and to make it contractors obligation to not to allow scouring.Contract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.11 Release of Construction Water and Dumping of SoilThe contractor will make adequate arrangements to avoid such leakages, uncontrolled releases, and dumping of soil/rubbles. Should such leakage develop, the contractor must remain fully prepared to immediately control the discharge. The contractor will be liable to pay for or repair such damages.Provision in the Tender and contract documents and drawingsContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.12 Any Discharge, Spill or Dumping in Graveyards or BurialsThe contractor will take all precautionary measures to forestall any uncontrolled release of effluents or dumping of soil/rubbles into any graveyards, shrine or any other religiously sensitive place. The contractor will be liable to repair and/or compensate any damage to such places caused by the construction activities.Contract document, drawing and community obligation in Social Framework Agreement (SFA)Contract and RE and CommunityESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.13 Any discharge spill or dumping onto any building or house on the bank of the roadIt must be protected by a wall, retaining walls or riprap works as the case may beContract document and drawingContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.14. Impact on Roads/InfrastructureThe contractor will be responsible to repair any damage caused to the local infrastructure by the construction activities. Water sprinkling will be carried out where necessary to minimize dust emissions. Contract document and drawingContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.15. Impacts of stone quarryingThe government-approved quarry will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. It will be ensured that the quarrying does not significantly affect the slope stability, top soil, and natural vegetation of the area.Contract document and drawingContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM1.16. Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and Machinery YardsThe contractor will restore the area under its temporary facilities. Photographs taken at the time of establishment of these facilities will be used for this purpose. Contract document and drawingContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM2. WATER RESOURCES2.1 Impact of Sourcing of Construction WaterThe contractor will procure water from a source approved by the RE, and if necessary, after obtaining the community consent. It will be ensured that this procurement of water does not negatively affect the communities or other water users.Contract Documents and Contractors obligations Contract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM2.2 Diesel and other fluids spilling over to streams water from construction machineryThe contractor will make all necessary arrangement to avoid any leakages or spills of fuels, oils and chemicals. In case of any accidental leakages, the procedures presented in Section 7.2.5 will be appliedContractors obligations to be clearly defined in contract documentContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM2.3 Protection of construction work from flood river or any ephemeral streamsa suitable flood warning system is required to alert the whole implementation unit to adapt ways and means to adapt safeguards against flesh floods in the river or ephemeral streams. The contractor will make fool proof arrangements in advance to protect the on going construction works from floods, as per information received from the meteorological department or any other type of flood warning system.Contractors obligation and drawings to keep contractor alert equipped against any such eventuality. He must be in touch with flood information centre.Contract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM2.4 Obstruction of flow of water across roadThe road design will include adequately designed bridges and culverts at the appropriate locations. The contractor will ensure that these water bodies/water courses are not blocked during the construction phase.Contractors obligation and coordination. Provisions in SFA to prepare communities.Contract and RE XEN of the areaESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMMImpacts on Surface WaterNo untreated effluents will be released to the environment. For the toilet waste, the contractor will establish/install appropriate waste treatment system (such as septic tanks and soaking pits appropriately sized and located) at the site facilities (offices, camps, others). The waste water from kitchen and toilets can be released in soaking pits or used for plantation/water sprinkling. Oily water must be passed through a settling tank. The contractor will prepare a waste management plan and have it approved by the RE.Contractors obligations to be clearly defined in contract documentContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMMSource of Drinking WaterIt will be ensured that the drinking water sources of the communities are not affected. The contractor will repair/replace/compensate for any damages caused by the construction activities.Contractors obligations to be clearly defined in contract documentContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMMEffect on Surface Flow ConditionsDesign Engineer will ensure provision of appropriately sized side drains, to avoid negative impacts on the local drainage pattern. Contractor will follow the design specifications meticulously. During the construction phase, the contractor will make temporary drains and embankments where necessary to channel the runoff appropriately.Contractors obligations to be clearly defined in contract documentContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM3. AIR QUALITY AND NOISE POLLUTION3.1 Dust and smoke and other potential pollutants from construction machineryThe contractor will ensure that its vehicles, machinery, and generators are properly designed and maintained, and comply with the applicable NEQS. The asphalt plant will not be operated without properly functioning dust control system such as wet scrubber. Water will be sprinkled where necessary to control the dust emissions.Contractors obligation defined in the Tender and contract documentsContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM3.2 Dust or other pollutants from stored materials and spoil heapsThe material being transported or stored at the stockpiles will be kept covered where necessary to avoid dust emissions.Contractors obligation defined in the Tender and contract documentsContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM3.3 Smoke from burning of waste materials or burning of firewood in the labor camp.The contractor will use clean and smoke free fuel in the labor camp. Cutting and burning trees / shrubs for fuel will be prohibited. Instead gas cylinders should be used in the labor camp for cooking purposes. Similarly waste burning will not be allowed. The contractor will prepare waste management plan and have it approved by the RE.Contractors obligation defined in contract and Tender documents to refrain from burning waste material and fuelwood and to provide substitute for fuelwood e.g. gas cylindersContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM3.4 Noise control from use of old or outdated machineryThe contractor will strictly follow the NEQS for ambient noise. All necessary measures such as noise barriers will be taken to reduce the noise particularly near the communities. Rock basting near the communities will be avoided to the extent possible. The local communities will be informed about the rock basting. The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to the construction workers and its usage will be made mandatory.Contractors obligation defined in the Tender and contract documentsContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM3.5. Physical Loss of Any Stream or Water BodyNo dumping will be allowed in a stream or a water body. All streams running across the road will have culverts or causeways. All streams running parallel to road will be embanked.Contractors obligation defined in the Tender and contract documentsContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM4. Biological Resources4.1 Damage to Biological resources during construction No clearance of vegetation or killing, hunting, or trapping of wild animal will be allowed. Compensation will be paid for any tree cutting on the private land. Compensatory tree plantation will be carried out and for each tree removed, five saplings will be planted. The Project will ensure appropriate care and monitoring of this plantation. Camps and other temporary facilities will be established in a manner that minimizes loss of natural vegetation including trees. Borrow material will be obtained without causing any damage to the natural vegetation.Contractors obligation in the contract to respect wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Laws. A special clause incorporated in the contract documents to respect and conserve biodiversity and conserve its terrestrial as well as aquatic habitat. To provide necessary Sign Boards to make labor, visitors and all concerned aware of their obligations towards Biota.Contract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM4.2 Damage to Biological resources during constructionSpecial checks from time to time in collaborator with local communitiesTo facilitate inspections by Wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Officers to ensure a proper implementation of the relevant laws. To involve communities through SFAContract and REESC(i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMMTable  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 3: Social Impacts Social RiskMitigationResponsibilityConstruction StageLand to be Acquired on permanent BasisThe 10.5 km road section (chainage 30+424 to 40+924) from Sharifabad to Kanju is owned by FHA. The relevant revenue record is attached as Annexure16. The available RoW is 50 feet, (25 feet on both sides from the centre of the road). Consequently, there will be no acquisition of private proprietary land on permanent basis as the FHA has sufficient ROW to undertake the road improvement works.As no compulsory land acquisition is involved, conflicts between the EA, the contractors and landowners are unlikely.Temporary Land AcquisitionLand required for establishing contractors facilities including camp, workshop, plants, borrowing earth material and dumping excess spoil will be acquired directly from private landowners by the contractor. The provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 will not be invoked, as the acquisition of the land will be temporary and will be covered by shortterm lease agreements between the landowners and contractors under the approval of the Project Engineer. Rental terms will have to be negotiated to the satisfaction of the landowners concerned.The staff of the FHA and supervisory Consultants will monitor the process of restoration and ensure, through the terms of the construction contracts, that landowners are compensated according to the terms of the lease agreements, and the restoration actions agreed upon by the contractors are duly carried out. The photodocumentation of the existing land prior to temporarily acquisition should be available, which will be beneficial to resolve the restoration conflicts between the landowner and contractor.Contractor, PE, DD (North) FHAConstructionSimilarly, prior to the commencement of construction activities, the Contractor will carry out base line survey for selecting the camp sites, dumping sites, public and community / private owned utilities, in conformity with the requirements of SIA study. The contractor will submit a development plan to the Engineerincharge and local government for its scrutiny and approval.Contractor / PEPreConstructionProject facilities, viz., construction camp and workshop will be located at a minimum distance of 500 m from existing plantation, and settlements, etc. This limit will be 1000 m in case of batching plant.Contractor / PEPreConstructionAs far as possible, waste / barren land i.e. areas not under agricultural, residential or forestation use, and natural areas will be used for borrow material (if required) and setting up project facilities.Contractor / PEConstructionWhere the use of agricultural land is unavoidable for borrow of earth material, the top 30 cm of the plough layer will be stripped and stockpiled for redressing the land after the required borrow material has been removed. In case deep ditching is carried out, the top 1 m layer of the ditching will stripped and stockpiled. The ditch will initial filled with scrap material from construction then leveled with the stockpiled topsoil to make it even with the rest of the area. It shall be ensured that the scrap does not contain any material that may produce obnoxious material that would contaminate soil or water resources.Contractor / PEConstructionBarren lands or valley side slopes will be used for dumping the excavated spoil material. Appropriate sites have to be located along the road for this activity.Contractor / PEConstructionThese facilities will be regularly monitored and cleaning activities implemented during operation phase to improve the cross drainage facilities of area.DD (Notrth),FHAOperationIncreased risk of accidents caused by partial closure of road during constructionDuring construction activities, traffic flow will be disturbed. At sections passing through populated areas, there will be limited scope for providing diversion tracks for the mobility of local and thorough traffic that will increase the risk of accidents.Proper site specific measures will be carried out in consultation with supervisory consultants to ensure the safety of population residing along and around the project corridor. Site specific Traffic Management Plans (TMPs) will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor with the approval of the Project Engineer.Contractor / PEConstructionTaking necessary measures to ensure the safety of traffic during construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags, and lights) erected as required by the FHA and set up as per local regulations.Contractor / PEConstructionCoordinating construction work such that part of the carriageway at a time is upgraded leaving the other part available to serve one way traffic. Construction work will be carried out in small stretches instead of a long stretch.Contractor / PEConstructionAs a result of road improvement the traffic volume will increase during operation stage, there may be safety hazards for the locals residing along the edge of the road as well as vehicular traffic.During operation stage FHA will make arrangements with some organization / contractor for proper maintenance and operation of the road. Periodic inspections will be made by contracted firm to identify the problem areas and their remedial measures. For this purpose the firm should be fully equipped and there should be contingency plan in case of any emergency / natural disaster.FHAOperationProblems to Health and Safety of Labor and Employees on Construction Work and Provision of Safety Equipment to Workers on Site.Occurrence of accidents / incidents during the construction activities, particularly from excavation activities is common. The workers and general public residing along the project corridor or near the work sites will particularly be at risk.Complying with the safety precautions for construction workers as per International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62, as far as applicable to the project contract.Contractor / PEConstructionTraining of workers in construction safety procedures, social awareness, equipping all construction workers with safety boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring their proper and sustained usage.Contractor / PEConstructionContractor staff while on work may get injuries.Contractor will ensure the provision of medicines, first aid kits, vehicle, etc. at the camp site.Contractor / PEConstructionGender IssuesAccording to the findings of the socioeconomic survey, the rural women normally use the open field latrines and their privacy may suffer due to the project activities. Moreover, they actively participate in other outdoor socioeconomic activities such as livestock rearing, bringing of potable water, etc which may also be affected by the project activities.The Contractor will select the specific timings for the construction activities particularly near the settlements, so as to cause least disturbance to the local population particularly women.Contractor / PEConstructionThe Contractor will carry out the construction activities in such a way that the open field latrine usage timings by the local community particularly women, should not be affected. The normal timings to use the toilet facilities by the rural women are early in the morning and at late in the evening. So, the Contractor will have to take care of these timings.Contractor / PEConstructionThe induction of outside labor may create social and gender issues due to the unawareness of local customs and norms. It may also cause hindrance to the mobility of local women for working in the field, herding livestock, picking fuel wood, etc.Contractor will take due care of the local community and observe sanctity of local customs and traditions by his staff. Contractor will warn the staff strictly not to involve in any unethical activities and to obey the local norms and cultural restrictions particularly with reference to women.Contractor / PEConstructionDuring construction activities, if privacy of the nearby households is affected, the Contractor will inform the house owner to make some arrangements. Similarly, Contractor will take care as much as possible that the construction activities should not affect the privacy particularly with reference to women.Contractor / PEConstructionSocial Conflicts and Employment of Locals on the ProjectThe presence of outside construction workers may cause some degree of social disruption and even active disputes with the local community as a result of social / cultural differences. This particularly relates to the disruption of the privacy of women working in the fields or even in the yards of their houses, should the house lying at lower elevation than the working sites. Likewise the risk of theft of the community assets by the Contractor workers and vice versa may occur.Good relations with the local communities will be promoted by encouraging Contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to the locals, as well as onthejob training in construction for young people. Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to avoid any social problems. The Contractor will warn the workers not to involve in any theft activities and if anyone would involve in such type of activities, he will have to pay heavy penalty and would be handed over to police. Similarly, at the time of employing, Contractor has to take care that the workers should be of good repute. The Contractor camp will be properly fenced and main gate will be locked at night with a security guard to check the theft issues from community side.Contractor / PEConstructionRise in the Prices of Essential CommoditiesDue to induction of outside labour for project works, the demand for basic items will increase thereby causing an increase in the prices of essential commoditiesThe project will exert no negative impacts on the prices of essential commodities. It is estimated that project will employ about 120 skilled and unskilled staff. Most of the unskilled labour will be recruited from the local areas. As such there will be no extraordinary increase in the demand for essential or other commodities. The Contractor, will, however, be required to maintain the field camps supplies from the main Mangora market.ContractorConstructionUse of Local Water Supplies and Other Common ResourcesLocal water supplies will be required to meet campsite and construction requirements, bringing its use into competition with the use by the local communities.The contractor will explore the alternative water resource so that the existing community water resources are not impacted. No existing water source under the use of community will be exploited by the Contractor for campsite facilities as well as construction purposes.ContractorConstructionLocal water may be affected due to implementation of project both in quantity as well as quality.Availability of water for campsite facilities and construction purposes will be ensured by the Contractor prior to start of construction activities. As per Local Government Act, the contractor will seek approval from the local government for exploitation of the water resources.Contractor / PE / Local Govt.The Contractor will be required to maintain close liaison with local communities to ensure that any potential conflicts related to common resource utilization for project purposes are resolved quickly.ContractorThe contractor will prepare guidelines for the workers for minimizing the wastage of water during construction activities and at campsites.ContractorPossibility of Spread of HIV / AIDS Amongst the Project labor and Adjoining PopulationContractor to arrange HIV / AIDS awareness programs in the field camps on regular basis by a qualified expert / doctor.Contractor will provide recreational facilities such as playing volleyball of football after the work hours.Similarly, he will provide indoor recreation in terms of radio and TV at the eating place.The Contractor will ensure regular medical checkup of the camp staff from a qualified doctor on fortnightly basis. If any person found affected with any of the transmittal diseases will be immediately shifted from the camp to the hospital for detailed checkup and treatment. The cost will be borne by the Contractor.Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to avoid any social and health problems.Recreational Facilities for PublicThe Contractor will ensure the restoration and rehabilitation of construction and camp sites on completion of the project.ContractorPost ConstructionFHA will develop parks particularly for children and ladies at appropriate sites along the road to provide them better recreational opportunities. This will also attract the outside tourists as well, thus increasing the incomes of the local people through increased socioeconomic activities.FHAPost ConstructionFHA should carry out tree plantation along the road.Restricted MobilityDuring the construction phase the general mobility of the local residents and their livestock in and around the project area is likely to be hindered. Likewise access to the natural resource may be affected. This particularly implies to the women and children.The contractor will ensure that the mobility of the local communities and their livestock is not hindered by the construction activities. The contractor will provide crossing points at the road at appropriate places to facilitate the people for going across the road for their daily works and having free access to the natural resources.Contractor / PEConstructionConstruction activities, particularly excavation and movement of haul truck and machinery may disrupt the existing tracks leading from the main road to settlements. This will limit the accessibility of the local population to the main road.Generally the contractor will avoid using the village tracks for hauling the construction material. However, if it is unavoidable, the existing ones will be widened, overlaid with shingle or surface treated to accommodate local as well as contractors traffic under the approval of the Project Engineer.Contractor / PEConstruction Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 4: Operational Phase 1. Strict application of prescribed Monitoring & Engineering planResident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in commutation with communitiesResident Engineer / XEN Incharge of HighwayOfficer(s), authorized by FHA and Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa2. Continuous evaluation of design efficiencyResident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound Works done through contractor to according strict specification and in communication with communitiesResident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the dual HighwayFHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is i/c of Supervision3. Understanding and training of operational manual Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty boundWorks done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communitiesResident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the dual HighwayFHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whichever is i/c of the road4. Environmental Annual AuditResident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty boundWorks done through maintenance contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communitiesResident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the dual HighwayFHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whichever is i/c of the road5. Regular MaintenanceResident Engineering / Executive Engineering Duty boundWorks done through maintenance contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communitiesResident Engineer / XEN Incharge dual Highway with the assistance of maintenance FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is i/c of the road6. Staff welfareResident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty boundWorks done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communitiesResident Engineer / XEN Incharge with the assistance of contractorFHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever takes over as i/c of the road7. Continued Public ConsultantResident Engineer / Executive Engineering Duty boundWorks done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communitiesResident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the Highway with the assistance of contractorFHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is I/c of the road8. Continued Gender issues and women ConsultantsResident Engineer / Executive Engineering Duty boundWorks done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities. To have gender-neutral policyResident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the Highway with the assistance of contractorFHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever takes over the management and maintenance of the road9. Refresher courses for the operational staffResident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty boundWorks done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities.Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge Highway assisted of ConsultantFHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whoever takes the management and maintenance of the roadEnvironmental Monitoring Compliance Monitoring The environmental monitoring will be carried out with the help of checklists prepared on the basis of the Mitigation Plans given in Tables 8.2 and 8.3. These checklists will be filled by the contractors environment specialist on a regular basis, and provided to the ESC. All non-compliances recorded in the filled checklists will be followed up for remediation. The summary of filled checklists, non-compliances and remedial actions will be included in the progress reports. Effects Monitoring FHA will engage a competent consultant to conduct effects monitoring on a periodic basis. The effects monitoring plan is provided in the Table 8.5 in the following pages. The overall objective of the effects monitoring is to ensure that the key environmental parameters in the project area remain within the acceptable limits specified by the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) (and other relevant benchmarks) throughout the project execution. For this purpose, the Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) will carry out the periodic sampling, monitoring, and analysis of the key environmental parameters specified in the EMP and provide their results to the FHA. Third Party Monitoring FHA will engage a suitable consultant to carry out environmental audit of the Project on a six-monthly basis. During these audits, the EMP compliance and its effectiveness will be assessed. This monitoring will help identify weaknesses in the EMP implementation and also recommend the corrective measures. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 5 : Effects Monitoring Plan Project StageParametersDetailsApplicable StandardLocationFrequencyDurationAir QualityPre-constructionPM10, SO2, NOX, CO15 m downwind from the edge of the pavement and asphalt plant locationNEQS for Ambient Air Quality; WHOThree locations along the road, and near the asphalt plant siteOnce; prior to construction commencementContinuous 24 hoursConstructionPM10, SO2, NOX, CO, HC40 m downwind from Hot Mix Plant and Asphalt PlantNEQS for Ambient Air Quality; WHOThree locations along the road, and near the asphalt plant Once in 4 monthsContinuous 24 hoursPM10, SO2, NOX, CO, HC15 m from pavementNEQS for Ambient Air Quality; WHOStretch of highway where work is in progressOnce in 4 monthsContinuous 24 hoursWater QualityPre-constructionPb, BOD5, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, TDSCommunity water sources NEQS for Drinking Water; WHO 5 locations near the CoI-2 (RoW, campsite, asphalt plant site)Once about a fortnight before contractor mobilization-ConstructionCommon ions, Pb, BOD5, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, TDSCommunity water sources NEQS for Drinking Water; WHO 5 locations near CoI-2 (number of locations to be determined according to requirement)Once in 4 months -Common ions, TSS, TDS, TurbidityRiver water near the CoI-2NEQS/other relevant standards 5 locations near CoI-2 (number of locations to be determined according to requirement)Once in 4 months-32 parameters per the NEQSWaste effluents from camps, asphalt plant and officesNEQScamps, asphalt plant and officesOnce in 4 months-NoisePre-constructionNoise level on dB(A) scale15 m from edge of pavement /site for other facilitiesNEQS standards for Ambient Noise; WHOThree locations along stretch of highway where work is in progress; near asphalt plant site; near camp siteOnce about a fortnight before contractor mobilization24 hoursConstructionNoise level on dB(A) scale7 m from equipment / machinery NEQS; WHOAt equipment yard, asphalt plant and construction siteOnce in 4 months24 hoursNoise level on dB(A) scale15 m from edge of pavement /other facilitiesNEQS standards for Ambient Noise; WHOThree locations along stretch of highway where work is in progress; near asphalt plant site; near camp siteOnce in 4 months24 hoursSoilConstructionOil and greaseRelevant international standardsThree locations in equipment yard and other locations specified by SCOnce in 4 months- Environmental and Social Trainings The capacity building and awareness raising of the project staff for the environmental and social aspects is critically important to ensure effective implementation of the EMP and its various elements particularly EMMP. The Supervision Consultants and contractor will be responsible to impart these trainings. The indicative training plan is presented in Table 8.6, which will be finalized by the Supervision Consultants. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 6: Environmental and Social Trainings ContentsParticipantsResponsibilityGeneral environmental and socioeconomic awareness; Environmental and social sensitivity of the project area; Key findings of the EIA; Mitigation measures; EMMP; Social and cultural values of the area.Selected project management staff ESCGeneral environmental and socioeconomic awareness; Environmental and social sensitivity of the project area; Mitigation measures; Community issues; Safety issues; Awareness of transmissible diseases Social and cultural values. All site personnelESC and Contractors Environment SpecialistEMMP; Safety issues; Waste disposalConstruction crewContractors Environment SpecialistRoad safety; Defensive driving; Waste disposal; Cultural values and social sensitivity.DriversContractors Environment SpecialistCamp operation; Waste disposal; Natural resource conservation; Safety Housekeeping.Camp staffContractors Environment SpecialistRestoration requirements; Waste disposalRestoration teamsESC and Contractors Environment Specialist Environmental and Social Management Budget The environmental and social management cost includes tree plantation program and health and safety measures. The environmental monitoring cost has been worked out on the basis of Effects Monitoring Plan is given in Table 8.7. As the project is schedules to be completed in two years, therefore, environmental monitoring cost has been worked out for two years. The staff responsible for operation of the project road will be trained to implement environmental safeguard in post construction period and respective cost has been worked out. The total environmental and social management cost including the resettlement cost is estimated to be about Rs. 28.4 Million. Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 7: Cost Estimates for Environmental Management Environmental ComponentQuantityAmount Pak Rs.Details/Basisi). Tree Plantation 400238,000Cost includes plantation and maintenance up to three yearsii) Health & Safety MeasuresL.S200,000Lump sumviii). Miscellaneous CostL.S.100,000Lump sumi). Air Quality Monitoring30900,00030 samples @ Rs. 30,000/sampleii) Water Quality Monitoring50750,00050 samples @ Rs. 15,000/sampleiii) Noise Level Monitoring40200,00040 samples @ Rs. 5,000/sampleiv.) Soil Tests181,170,000Training 1,000,000Lump sumExternal Monitoring2,500,000Resettlement Cost  21,341 ,319(see Table8.8 below)Total Environmental and Social Management Cost 28,399,319 Table  STYLEREF 1 \s 8. SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 8: Resettlement Cost Sr. No.DescriptionUnitRate per Unit (Rs)QuantityTotal Cost in Pak. Rupee1.TreesNo.120093111,6002.Crops(a) MaizeAcre93691.3012,180(b) WheatAcre121861.3015,842Sub Total CropsAcre17428,0223.StructuresNo.266,345,6374.Cost of Utilities(a) Electric PolesNo.35,0001003,500,000(b) Telephone PolesNo.15,00052780,0005.Sub Total UtilitiesNo.4,280,0006.Allowances to PAPsRs.7,488,0607.Compensatory PlantationRs.595400238,0008.Training CostsLump Sum100,0009.Cost of hiring Consultants for External MonitoringLump Sum2,000,00010Cost of hiring Consultants for 3rd Party ValidationLump Sum750,000Total Resettlement Costs21,341 ,319 Recommendations Avoidance Based upon the lessons learnt from the past experience regarding Highways the FHA designers or their design consultants will avoid any model which may become environmental hazard at any stage. Contractors Obligations The following conditions should be included, in addition to general conditions provided for environment protection in the Tender Document to be followed by the Contract Document as essential clauses: Clause regarding disposal of waste construction material The Contractor will in consultation with and with the approval of Resident Engineer (RE) of the Project, select and abide by the selection, a site for disposal of waste construction material. Contravention to this clause may tantamount to noncompliance to contract and the Contractor will be responsible for removing the material dumped on a wrong site, at his own expense and pay a fine for his negligence. Clause regarding adjustment with unstable locations appearing during construction especially the foundation In case an unstable location appears during construction, especially the foundation, of the road, contractor will immediately inform the Resident Engineer expressly providing full technical details about the problem. The RE will inspect the site; preferably the same day the report is received and will, if necessary, agree to make modifications and changes in the design to stabilize the situation such as change in the depth of foundation. Contractor will not make any changes in the specification without express approval of RE. Contravention to this provision will mean unauthorized construction carried out for which RE will issue dismantling orders. Clause regarding Location of Labor Camps, Material Dumps / Depots, Equipment and Machinery Yards, approach roads and routes State land is available for location of Labor Camps, Material Depots, Equipment and Machinery Yard, Link Road or other activities related to these matters. The Contractor will choose particular sites within the overall campus indicated in consultation with RE. These activities will not be allowed outside the state land, located on either side of highway. If the Contractor chooses to locate his facilities on a private land, he will himself be responsible for any compensation, resettlement or rehabilitation process and related costs and RE or FHA will not be involved in acquiring or using the land in making any payments for doing so. Clause regarding Rehabilitation of Construction and extraction sites The Contractor will carry out construction work exactly on the same site and according to the same design as provided in the Tender Documents. Also the camps site, the material depot, the machinery and equipment yard, link roads, borrow areas will, after the completion of construction, be restored and rehabilitated and brought to at least the same condition, in which these were handed over to the contract. A set of photographs and a video tape film will be prepared to show the preconstruction sites and post construction rehabilitated sites. For any contravention of this clause the final payments and the securities deposited will not be released. Clause regarding drainage, paths, roads, Linear Fixtures crossed / damaged by Machinery moving to and from the construction sites During the construction, if the Contractors vehicles moving to and from the construction site(s) cause any damage or disruption of services pertaining to drainage systems, paths, roads linear fixtures e.g., transmission lines and fences, the Contractor, will get the damage repaired and services restored within 24 hours of the damage, failing which the RE will get an assessment of the damage and losses and debit that amount to Contractors account and the next payment will be made to Contractor after deducting the debited amount. Clause regarding earthen embankments or Concrete Work vicinity scouring All such spots where there is a possibility of scouring of earthen embankments or concrete work edge as mentioned in the Tender Document and quality included in this Construction Contract, the Contractor will protect by protection walls and stone riprap work, failing which the payment of the Contractor will be withheld. Clause regarding discharge spill or dumping on any building, House, graveyard, archaeological site (established or newly found), unstable slopes, un-compacted embankment or leaking into construction area The Contractor will be contractually bound to not to allow or cause discharge spill or dumping on any building house, graveyard, archaeological site (established or newly found), unstable slopes, un-compacted embankment or leakage into the construction area. Any such failure will be duly noted by RE during site inspections and contractor will immediately remedy the situation failing which the payment of the contractor will be withheld and the damage so caused will be debited to contractors account under the contractual provisions. Clause regarding Diesel and other fluids spilling over to stream water or open areas from construction machinery The Contractor will ensure that his construction machinery s always in first class working order and no spilling of Diesel or any other fluids into the water stream or open areas, is caused by the defective machinery of the Contractor. For any such spill the Contractor will pay the environmental compensation to be assessed by RE in consultation with PakEPA and the said amount will be debited towards the payment of the Contractor. Clause regarding protection of construction work from floods The Contractor will throughout the construction work, manage to keep an eye on the flood position of the river and will remain in touch with Flood Control Centre and remain equipped with means and equipment for taking protective measures to protect the works under construction. FHA will not be responsible for any damage caused by floods and any works washed away will be reconstructed by the Contractor at his own cost within the tenure of the contract. Clause regarding providing proper diversion of water from uncontrolled crossing the road The Contractor will, in consultation with RE provide proper diversion to water flowing cross stream, and by collaboration with local communities as per SFA and preparing them for any such diversions or closures. Losses caused to construction work due to poor or mismanaged stream flow diversion will be considered as negligence on the part of contractor any damages or losses caused due to this negligence will be borne by the contractor. Clause regarding control on air quality by not allowing Machinery to cause dust, smoke or noise pollution The Contractor will not cause deterioration of air quality by using old or ill maintained machinery which raise excessive dust, produce excessive smoke or cause excessive noise pollution. The Contractor will follow strict standards of maintenance of machinery, provide qualified and trained drivers and operations for the vehicles. The Contractor will also sprinkle water on kacha roads to be used as link roads, and sites where the earth is to be dumped. And the Contractor will provide protective masks to his work force. Failure to do so will be taken as serious contravention of the contract and will cause the payment to be deferred till the correction of the situation. Clause regarding control on dust or other pollutants from Stored materials, V material depots or spoil heaps The Contractor will: locate his material depots and spoil dump as far away from the villages / community Hujras as possible. keep all such materials covered for effective control of the fugitive dust. Failing to do the Contractor will bear the cost which may have to be incurred on arranging remedy to defaults. Clause regarding use of outdated machinery The Contractor will obtain a certificate from Vehicle Examiner working under the RE but paid by the Contractor, that all the machinery employed is either new or in first class fitness condition so as not to cause smoke or oil leakages. RE will not allow the use of any outdated machinery. Clause to Protect the Biological Resources The Contract will ensure that: Unnecessary and out of bound activities/movements are not done outside the campus allotted to him for settingup the labor camp, material depots and machinery yard. No fire arms are carried by any of the employees or labor. All Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Laws are fully respected and abided by the Contractor and his work force. The Biodiversity is respected and saved on its terrestrial, aquatic and aerial habitats. Necessary sign boards are displayed to make labor, visitors and members of public to remind them of their obligations towards Biota. Inspections by Wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Officers are facilitated in camps to facilitate a proper implementation of relevant Laws. Communities are given awareness and are involved in proper protection of the Biota inside and around the Project site. Any contravention to any of the above subclauses will be considered as breach of contract and lead to disqualification of the Contractor. Clause regarding respect for Socioeconomic and Cultural Values and physical cultural The Contractor will be bound to: Ensure that no damage or disruption is caused to the social infrastructure or public services being provided to the people e.g., education, health, electricity supply, drinking water supply facilities for public gathering or religious congregations. Ensure the Contractor or his employees remain above the local Tribal tensions especially the strifes over distribution of canal water and use of aquatic life. Ensure that existing ownership of land around the Project is respected. Ensure that if some construction material has to procure from or through a member of local community, it must be by a proper Social Framework Agreement with social communities. Ensure that no damage or adverse effect is caused to archaeological (present or chance find) sites, graveyards and burial places. Clause regarding Public Safety, Health and Safety at Construct Site, including measures against HIV/AID and Life insurance. The Contractor will: put up temporary but prominent sign boards all of the project activity area warning people against likely hazards which can be caused due to certain activities. (Also to be reflected in SFA). arrange to run a proper campaign the labor camp, to make people aware of the causes, mode of transmission and consequences of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases particularly Hepatitis and Cholera. strengthen the existing BHU for the benefit of the labor as well as the surrounding villages. ensure proper cleanliness and hygienic conditions at labor camps by ensure a clean mess, proper drainage and suitable disposal of solid waste. Inoculation against Cholera and Hepatitis will be arranged at intervals as recommended by Health Department. keep all the camps, offices, material depots, machinery yards and work site open for the inspection of health and safety measures, and related documents and include in the contract document the text regarding accessibility to the camps. provide proper overall, helmet and field boots and earplugs to work as a precaution against any mishap, and interlink various parts of the construction complex with local wireless telephones also fitted the vehicles. Provide a group insurance cover to the workers and labor on study on site or in the camp, against accidents, mishaps or loss of life on duty. Clause regarding employment of Locals in the construction work The Contractor as an obligation of the Contract will employ, subject to availability and work ability, maximum number of local labor for construction work. Note: The above clauses have been suggested from technical point of view. These may be got vetted by qualified law officer before incorporating them into the Tender Document or the Contract Document. Social Frame Work Agreement (SFA) A social Frame Work Agreement (SFA) will be signed through mutual open consent between the local village leaders Project, Contractor and the Resident Engineer (RE) of the Project. At least two confirmed leaders / elders will be chosen from each of the villages situated adjacent to the area where construction activity is going to be witnessed. These leaders / elders will constitute a villagers committee and they will choose a Chairman from among themselves. The SFA will be signed by the RE, the Contractor and by the Chairman of villagers committee from the villages side. SFA will be drafted on the lines of legal agreements signed amongst three parties and should preferably be on a stamped paper to be provided by the RE at the project cost. All the mitigation measures where reference to SFA has been made in the EMP, will be included in the SFA. The FHA obligations through RE, villages social obligations and Contractors obligations will be listed separately. Copies of SFA will be kept by RE, the villagers chairman and ExEn i/c of the area and the Contractor. The SFA will be considered as a natural follow up of the public consultation and public hearing and an indication that FHA and the local people are mutually facilitating the construction of new the highway Following draft SFA is suggested. Social Frame Work Agreement 1. This is a sample Social Frame Work Agreement between Resident Engineer (RE) and the villagers committee of the project Area. VillageName (Two of each village)Fathers Name1.122.123.124.125.126.127.128.129.1210.122. We the committee of village leader / elders of the project area have agreed unanimously to nominate ________________________________S/O ______________________ as our chairman ant authorize him to enter into an SFA with RE the Project on our behalf and on his own behalf. We understand and pledge that this SFA will be a binding us and the RE throughout the currency of the construction work as well as the operational phase. Signatures or LTI of the Chairman and the Members of the Villagers Committee. SR. No. NameSignatures / LTI1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.3. By mutual consent it is agreed the FHA, their Consultants and Contractors: Will not occupy any agricultural land or acquire any other land during the construction of this project. Will not cause any damage or reduction in the water supply in the stream flowing in the area through any of actions to the projects. Will not cause any disturbance to Forest Wildlife, any public archeological heritage or a place of worship. Will not interfere in the social political or tribal balance of the area. Will / wherever possible, facilitate better services and supplies to the area e.g. schooling, health, awareness on epidemic diseases, HIV/AIDS, electricity and road/rail communication. (More commitments can be added if require) Also, by mutual consent it is agreed that all the villagers residing in the area influencing project (names of villages listed in para I above, collectively and severally: Will not interfere in the location of labor camps, material depots, equipment yards and all the approach roads to be used during project construction phase, all of which will be located on the sate land. Will not interfere if the FHA decides to shift the construction to on a more suitable site as long as the activity remains on state land. Will not receive any discharge of water slurry or oil spills to any graveyard or archaeological site. Will not cause any damage to wildlife, or fisheries forest resources of the area. No villagers will be involved in killing, poaching or hunting of animals. Will not allow reduction or official interference in our existing services and facilities e.g. education, health, electricity, drinking water supply, religious and social congregations. Will not allow any interference in our tribal, commercial or social norms, and we understand that no land acquisition is involved under the project. Agree that in case the contractor wishes to obtain some material from the private lands or wishes to make use of any piece of land outside the state land that would invoke a new agreement between the villagers and the contractor and FHA or Govt of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa will not be involved in that in any way. Agree to respect and observe the cautions on the sign boards displayed by project authorities and will not remove or cause to be removed any signboards or installations put up by the Resident Engineer. Note: Add more conditions if required as per the prevailing circumstances. This SFA has been signed this _____________day of _________, at _________ Signatures Signatures Resident Engineer Chairman Villagers Committee (Name and address) (Name and Address) Signatures Signatures Local XEN Contractor (Name and address) (Name and Address) Counter singed Signature Project Director, FHA (Name and address) Operational Manual However perfect the design may be and however meticulous the construction the highway often fail to achieve their full objectives if there is no operation manual or the provisions of the operation manual are not faithfully implemented. For post construction phase of the project, it is recommended, that a broad based team of experts is tasked to develop a comprehensive operation manual for the Highway. The manual should also include a provision of continuous training of the staff who have to be put on operational or maintenance duties. An effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system should make an integral part of the operation manual by way of providing a check list fro every operational and maintenance stage. As provided in the EMP, following points must be included in the operation manual: Strict application of the prescribed M&E plan. Continuous evaluation of design efficiency. Training sessions for understanding and operating the manual. Annual audit of environment (comparison of what is happening vis--vis set standards) to be conducted by an independent party. Regular maintenance. Staff welfare. Continuous public consultation and Public Relations (PR). Continue gender issues and women consultation. Refresher courses for the operational staff are recommended to train and equip them for efficient implementation of the Operation Manual. Appendix A: Bibliography 1998 District Census Report of Swat Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan. Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005. Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994. Excerpts from the OP 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986. Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001. Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001. Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999. Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000). Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009). Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1062 (I)/2010). Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010). Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010). http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm Inception Report for Upgradation / Rehabilitation of Road from Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River IPIECA Report Series, Volume-12, Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Development Statistic 2010 Land Utilization Statistics, NWFP, 20072008  Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.  Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001.  Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001.  Excerpts from the OP 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986.  Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005.  Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994.  Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).  Full text of the NEQS is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).  Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).  Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm). ( 1. Avoidable through design (Avoidance): Curable ( 2. Mitigation through contractors obligation or by communities through Social Framework Agreement (SFA) (Curative): reversible ( 3. Nonreversible, Permanent change (to be adopted): irreversible ( 1. Avoidable through design (Avoidance): Curable ( 2. Mitigation through contractors obligation or by communities through Social Framework Agreement (SFA) (Curative): reversible ( 3. Nonreversible, Permanent change (to be adopted): irreversible  Description in Sections 7.2.28 to 7.2.30 has been borrowed from SIA report.     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